Enzyme Inhibitors Involved in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Revadigar, Vageesh; Ghalib, Raza Murad; Murugaiyah, Vikneswaran; Embaby, Mohamed A.; Jawad, Ali H.; Mehdi, Sayed Hasan; Hashim, Rokiah; Sulaiman, Othman

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803959-5.50003-9

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…The inhibition of key enzymes could alleviate observed symptoms in a variety of pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and skin hyperpigmentation [20]. According to the cholinergic hypothesis [21], the approach of inhibiting cholinesterases is widely pursued for the restoration of impaired cholinergic function in AD [22] to improve memory function. Targeting tyrosinase is another frequent strategy thought to be beneficial in the prevention of neuronal degeneration as well as hyperpigmentation problems [23], since the monophenolase activity of this enzyme catalyzes the intermediate conversion of tyrosine in L-DOPA, which is an essential and rate-limiting step in melanin synthesis [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Oxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory In Vitro Activity of Amino Acids and Small Peptides: New Hints for the Multifaceted Treatment of Neurologic and Metabolic Disfunctions

et al. 2018

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Oxidative damage is among the factors associated with the onset of chronic pathologies, such as neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Several classes of anti-oxidant compounds have been suggested as having a protective role against cellular stressors, but, in this perspective, peptides’ world represents a poorly explored source. In the present study, the free radical scavenging properties, the metal ion reducing power, and the metal chelating activity of a series of sulfurated amino acids and tripeptides were determined in vitro through canonical assays (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PM, and EECC) and estimated in comparison with the corresponding activities of synthetic peptide semicarbazones, incorporating the peculiar non-proteinogenic amino acid, tert-leucine (tLeu). The compounds exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant properties. As expected, sulfurated compounds 1–5 were found to be the most efficient radical scavengers and strongest reductants. Nevertheless, tLeu-containing peptides 7 and 8 disclosed notable metal reducing and chelating activities. These unprecedented results indicate that tLeu-featuring di- and tripeptide backbones, bearing the semicarbazone chelating moiety, are compatible with the emergence of an anti-oxidant potential. Additionally, when tested against a panel of enzymes usually targeted for therapeutic purposes in neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, all samples were found to be good inhibitors of tyrosinase.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Oxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory In Vitro Activity of Amino Acids and Small Peptides: New Hints for the Multifaceted Treatment of Neurologic and Metabolic Disfunctions

et al. 2018

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“…Hence, decreased concentration of AChE has been associated with decreased anti‐inflammatory property (Akinyemi et al., 2016). AChE is membrane‐bound and found majorly in the brain, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and the cholinergic neurons (Revadigar et al, 2014). The main neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system is acetylcholine (ACh), which carries out various functions such as learning, movement control, memory and modulation of cerebral blood flow (Jolitha, Subramanyam, & Devi, 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive impairment by non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus was attenuated by dietary supplements of marble vine (Dioclea reflexa) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) dough meals in albino rats

et al. 2020

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This study investigates the protective effect of formulated marble vine/plantain dough meals on cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6) and fed with HFD for 14 days and a single dose of streptozotocin intraperitoneally on the 14th day (except control rats). Diabetic rats were treated with formulated diets and metformin. The ameliorative effect of the formulated doughs on cerebral damage in diabetic rats with respect to weight gain/loss, glucose and insulin levels, oxidative damage, neurological dysfunction, and histological alterations were assessed. The formulated diet had high protein and fiber content values ranged from 13.00 to 25.04 g/100 g and from 5.23 to 6.20 g/100 g, respectively compared to the control. Blood glucose level was observed, thereby mitigating the cerebral oxidative damage. The diet significantly ameliorated the neurological dysfunction as adjudged by increased dopamine concentration and lowered acetylcholinesterase activity; results were also supported by the outcomes from brain histopathological study. Practical applications Underutilized leguminous seeds such as marble vine seeds are known for their nutraceutical potentials due to their numerous biochemical components. The study provides preliminary information on the potential of marble vine/plantain functional dough meals in the management of neurological complications resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus in albino rats. Generally, the formulated doughs possess neuroprotective potentials in preventing neurological complications arising from diabetes. However, the effect of marble vine-plantain dough meal in managing the brain damage should be further investigated through the clinical trials before development for pharmaceutical applications.

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“…It is a potent, selective, and well-tolerated reversible inhibitor of AchE. Huperzine A is more selective in the inhibition of AChE than BuChE and also more selective for the G4 form of AchE [ 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Prominent Role Of Alkaloids In Neuromuscular Junction Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Natural Products on Neuromuscular Junction

Akkol

Karatoprak

Carpar³

et al. 2022

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: Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders result from damage, malfunction or absence of one or more key proteins involved in neuromuscular transmission, comprising a wide range of disorders. The most common pathology is antibody-mediated or downregulation of ion channels or receptors, resulting in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac’s syndrome), and rarely congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by mutations in NMJ proteins. A wide range of symptomatic treatments, immunomodulating therapies, or immunosuppressive drugs have been used to treat NMJ diseases. Future research must be directed at better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, and developing novel disease-specific treatments. Numerous secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids isolated from plants have been used to treat NMJ diseases in traditional and clinical practices. An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads for identifying new treatment for NMJ diseases. In this review, we performed a literature survey in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to gather information on drug discovery from plant sources for NMJ disease treatments. To date, most research has focused on the effect of herbal remedies on cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. This review provides leads for identifying potential new drugs from plant sources for the treatment of NMJ diseases.

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Enzyme Inhibitors Involved in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Cited by 6 publications

References 177 publications

Anti-Oxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory In Vitro Activity of Amino Acids and Small Peptides: New Hints for the Multifaceted Treatment of Neurologic and Metabolic Disfunctions

Anti-Oxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory In Vitro Activity of Amino Acids and Small Peptides: New Hints for the Multifaceted Treatment of Neurologic and Metabolic Disfunctions

Cognitive impairment by non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus was attenuated by dietary supplements of marble vine (Dioclea reflexa) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) dough meals in albino rats

Effects of Natural Products on Neuromuscular Junction

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