Enzymatically crosslinked carboxymethyl–chitosan/gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite injectable gels for in situ bone tissue engineering application

Biomedical applications of carboxymethyl chitosans

“…The influence of MW and the presence of hydroxyl, amino and amido groups in the polymer chain of CM-chitosan on its antioxidant activity have also been described by various researchers (Feng, Du, Li, Hu, & Kennedy, 2008;Sun, Zhou, Xie, & Mao, 2007). Therefore, carboxymethylation of chitosan makes it a promising candidate in a number of biomedical, pharmaceutical, and environmental fields Mishra et al, 2011;Wang, Yang, & Niu, 2010;Xu, Mao, Liu, Zhu, & Shen, 2006;Yin, Fei, Cui, Tang, & Yin, 2007). Here we have reviewed the considerable research performed to date on the water-soluble CM-chitosans, particularly with respect to their biomedical applications, but potential applications of this derivative in the other fields will also be discussed.…”

Preparation, characterization, degradation and biocompatibility of different silk fibroin based composite scaffolds prepared by freeze-drying method for tissue engineering application

“…The amino acid composition of fibroin consists of glycine, alanine, and serine, forming β-sheets in the form of an anti-parallel in spun fibers that can provide good mechanical strength [1,3]. Silk fibroin has been widely investigated as a biomaterial and scaffold for different types of tissue engineering applications because of its favorable properties such as slow biodegradation, good biocompatibility, high tensile strength, M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 non-cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity, controllable biodegradability, non-inflammatory and adjustable mechanical and biochemical features [15,16].…”

Injectable gel from squid pen chitosan for bone tissue engineering applications

“…The mechanical properties of the gel samples were first characterised by an amplitude oscillatory test (c = 0.0001-1, 52 lm gap, 1 Hz frequency) [3,39] to evaluate the strength of gels. Briefly, 0.5 ml of each gel sample was placed between parallel plates of the oscillatory rheometer, and sample surface was covered with mineral oil, to prevent evaporation from the samples during the tests.…”

“…Hydrogels can reduce the cost of patient treatment, healing time, and decrease pain/discomfort of patients [1]. These polymers can be used as vehicles to deliver cells, drugs [2] and growth factors to a targeted tissue using minimal invasive surgery through injection [3]. Since hydrogels are in liquid form at the time of injection and set in situ at the body temperature, they can fill bone defects and form the required shape without the need of surgery.…”

“…Since hydrogels are in liquid form at the time of injection and set in situ at the body temperature, they can fill bone defects and form the required shape without the need of surgery. Temperaturesensitive natural and synthesised polymers, such as chitosan [4,5], collagen [1,6], gelatine [3], keratin [7] and N-isopropyl acrylamide [8,9], have been tested as injectable gels for in vivo and in vitro studies. Chitosan is a natural and biodegradable amino-containing biopolymer and has been extensively studied as the organic phase of bone substitutes for bone tissue engineering applications [3].…”