Enzymatic oxidative biodegradation of nanoparticles: Mechanisms, significance and applications

Abstract

Biopersistence of carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide (GO) and several other types of carbonaceous nanomaterials is an essential determinant of their health effects. Successful biodegradation is one of the major factors defining the life span and biological responses to nanoparticles. Here, we review the role and contribution of different oxidative enzymes of inflammatory cells - myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, hemoglobin, and xanthine oxidase - to the reactions of nanoparticle biodegradation. We further focus on interactions of nanomaterials with hemoproteins dependent on the specific features of their physico-chemical and structural characteristics. Mechanistically, we highlight the significance of immobilized peroxidase reactive intermediates vs diffusible small molecule oxidants (hypochlorous and hypobromous acids) for the overall oxidative biodegradation process in neutrophils and eosinophils. We also accentuate the importance of peroxynitrite-driven pathways realized in macrophages via the engagement of NADPH oxidase- and NO synthase-triggered oxidative mechanisms. We consider possible involvement of oxidative machinery of other professional phagocytes such as microglial cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in the context of biodegradation relevant to targeted drug delivery. We evaluate the importance of genetic factors and their manipulations for the enzymatic biodegradation in vivo. Finally, we emphasize a novel type of biodegradation realized via the activation of the “dormant” peroxidase activity of hemoproteins by the nano-surface. This is exemplified by the binding of GO to cyt c causing the unfolding and “unmasking” of the peroxidase activity of the latter. We conclude with the strategies leading to safe by design carbonaceous nanoparticles with optimized characteristics for mechanism-based targeted delivery and regulatable life-span of drugs in circulation.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Environmental and Psychological Stressors: A Biomarker Perspective

“…This may lead to tissue damage or, in a "pathological" attempt to contain the danger, can result in fibrotic or granulomatous reactions (Prong 3). In some cases, leukocytes can successfully degrade highaspect ratio EMN without phagocytosing them, as in the case of multi-walled CNT, which are sensitive to several leukocytic enzymes, and can therefore be eliminated rapidly without causing excessive ROS-mediated tissue damage (160). This would therefore be a classical Prong 2 inflammatory reaction that resolves without causing permanent damages.…”

Biological activity of fullerenes - reality and prospects

“…Другие наноструктуры углерода (одно-и многостен-ные нанотрубки, нанохорны и др.) биодеградируют под действием ферментов [97]. Что же касается самого фуллерена С 60 , то лишь недавно появились прямые доказательства действия на него ферментов млекопитающих [98].…”

Are the impacts of carbon nanotubes enhanced in Mytilus galloprovincialis submitted to air exposure?

“…This is the case of nanoparticles (NPs) which have been increasingly used in numerous applications including medicine, chemistry and electronics (Renn and Roco, 2006) and, thereby, the increased introduction of these materials into the aquatic systems is expected to occur. Among NPs, carbon-based NPs have a diversity of applications (Solarskaciuk et al, 2014;Vlasova et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2013;Muller and Nowack, 2008;Köhler et al, 2008). Among the most important carbon-based NPs are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Scown et al, 2010;Eckelman et al, 2012;Sanchez et al, 2012) (Canesi et al, 2008(Canesi et al, , 2010 in the clam , R. philippinarum (De Marchi et al, 2017c, and the polychaetes in…”