Enzymatic Methods for the Manipulation and Valorization of Soapstock from Vegetable Oil Refining Processes

Casali, Beatrice; Brenna, Elisabetta; Parmeggiani, Fabio; Tessaro, Davide; Tentori, Francesca

doi:10.3390/suschem2010006

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…In [16], the fatty acid production from soapstock by hydrolysis was investigated. The enzymatic catalysts achieved a maximum conversion of 70 %.…”

Section: The Feature Of This Work Is the Study Of The Effect Of Salting Out Conditions Of Saponified Soapstock On The Yield And Neutralizmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A promising technology is the processing of soapstock into fatty acids by saponification and subsequent salting out to increase the efficiency of fatty acid extraction. According to the literature data [9,[12][13][14][15][16][17], there is little information on the relationship between the salting out conditions of saponified soapstock and the yield and quality of fatty acids. Thus, research to determine rational conditions for fatty acid production from soapstock, including the stages of saponifi-tural enterprises in 2020 was 39.4 %, the highest among the main products.…”

Section: The Feature Of This Work Is the Study Of The Effect Of Salting Out Conditions Of Saponified Soapstock On The Yield And Neutralizmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mass was divided into three layers -lower (soapy alkali), middle (glue soap), upper -core soap. The core soap was further treated with sulfuric acid according to [16].…”

Section: Soapstock Treatment Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

Kalyna

Koshulko

Ilinska

et al. 2021

EEJET

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Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising. The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %. Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16%). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid. This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides high- quality fatty acids with increased yield.

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“…In [16], the fatty acid production from soapstock by hydrolysis was investigated. The enzymatic catalysts achieved a maximum conversion of 70 %.…”

Section: The Feature Of This Work Is the Study Of The Effect Of Salting Out Conditions Of Saponified Soapstock On The Yield And Neutralizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Feature Of This Work Is the Study Of The Effect Of Salting Out Conditions Of Saponified Soapstock On The Yield And Neutralizmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

Kalyna

Koshulko

Ilinska

et al. 2021

EEJET

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show abstract

“…Soapstock is the by-product obtained from the neutralization step of the refining process to which vegetable seed oil is submitted after extraction. [2] It consists of an alkaline aqueous emulsion of lipids, the composition of which depends on the botanical origin of the seeds and the conditions of refining and storage. It usually contains water (45-50 %, percentages vary according to the operating conditions), fatty acid sodium salts (determined as free acids, 10 %), triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols (12 %), residual phospholipids (9 %), pigments and other minor components (24 %).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the last few years, our research group has become interested in investigating the use of soapstock as a renewable source of fatty acids, to be submitted to further chemo‐enzymatic manipulation for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Soapstock is the by‐product obtained from the neutralization step of the refining process to which vegetable seed oil is submitted after extraction [2] . It consists of an alkaline aqueous emulsion of lipids, the composition of which depends on the botanical origin of the seeds and the conditions of refining and storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation of threo‐9,10‐Dihydroxystearic Acid Mediated by Micrococcus luteus as a Key Step in the Conversion of Oleic Acid into Pelargonic and Azelaic Acids

et al. 2021

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A sequential one-pot chemoenzymatic procedure for the conversion of diol 1, easily obtained from oleic acid, into pelargonic and azelaic acids is herein described. The oxidation of diol 1 into a mixture of the corresponding regioisomeric hydroxyketones was promoted by an alcohol dehydrogenase from Micrococcus luteus, selected after an extensive screening of commercial enzyme kits and strain collections. The stereo-chemistry of the oxidation process of chiral diol 1 was also investigated. The hydroxyketones obtained by the biocatalyzed oxidation were submitted to further oxidative cleavage by a mild treatment with aqueous NaClO in a biphasic mixture, affording pelargonic and azelaic acids in high yield (76 and 71 %, respectively) with no need of column chromatography.

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Investigating the effect of refining parameters on acetic acid removal and the quality of crude epoxidized soybean oil

Oyewole,

Sarker,

Dhaliwal

et al. 2024

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Washing crude epoxidized oil is an indispensable step for the removal of residual acetic acid and unreacted hydrogen peroxide after epoxidation. There are many studies on the epoxidation of vegetable oils but there are many discrepancies in the washing process which likely leads to water wastage, excess use of neutralizing agent, and additional processing time. Hence, this study aims to optimize the washing step by analyzing the quality of each washing step and developing a model that can predict the amount of acid removed. Soybean oil (1.5 kg) was epoxidized at 60°C for 5.5 h using Amberlite IR 120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. To determine the optimum water washing level, process parameters such as number of washing cycles (1–5), proportion of epoxidized oil to water volume (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5), and water temperature (20, 40, and 60°C) were examined. The main responses were the residual acid value and pH of the washed epoxidized oil. Results revealed that 64% of the acid was removed after 5 washing cycles irrespective of the washing water temperature and proportion. In contrast, approximately 57% of the acid was removed in the first two washing cycles. Increasing the temperature of the water affected acid removal; with approximately 54% of acid removed at 20°C compared to 60% at 60°C. Doubling or tripling the amount of water needed above a 1:0.5 ratio did not significantly affect the amount of acid removed. The model developed was significant with a predicted R2 of 96% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1 when the model was validated at different washing scenarios. Therefore, this study shows that it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of water used and processing time while maintaining resin qualities.

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Enzymatic Methods for the Manipulation and Valorization of Soapstock from Vegetable Oil Refining Processes

Cited by 19 publications

References 80 publications

Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

Oxidation of threo‐9,10‐Dihydroxystearic Acid Mediated by Micrococcus luteus as a Key Step in the Conversion of Oleic Acid into Pelargonic and Azelaic Acids

Investigating the effect of refining parameters on acetic acid removal and the quality of crude epoxidized soybean oil

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