Enzymatic hydrolysis of fumonisins in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens

Abstract

Fumonisins (FB) are among the most frequently detected mycotoxins in feedstuffs and finished feed, and recent data suggest that the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in poultry species might be compromised at doses ranging from 10 to 20 mg/kg, close to field incidences and below the US and EU guidelines. Strategies are therefore necessary to reduce the exposure of poultry to FB. In the present study, we assessed the efficacy of fumonisin esterase FumD (EC 3.1.1.87, commercial name FUMzyme®) to cleave the tricarballylic acid side chains of FB, leading to the formation of non-toxic hydrolyzed fumonisins in the GIT of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens were fed for 14 d (7 to 21 d of age) 3 different diets (6 birds/cage, 6 cages/diet), i) control feed (negative control group), ii) feed contaminated with 10 mg FB/kg (FB group), and iii) feed contaminated with 10 mg FB/kg and supplemented with 100 units of FUMzyme®/kg (FB+FUMzyme® group). To determine the degree of reduction of FB in the GIT, 2 characteristics were analyzed. First, the sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio in the serum and liver was determined as a biomarker of effect for exposure to FB. Second, the concentration of fumonisin B1 and its hydrolyzed forms was evaluated in the gizzard, the proximal and distal parts of the small intestine, and the excreta. Significantly reduced sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratios in the serum and liver of the FB+FUMzyme® group (serum: 0.15 ± 0.01; liver: 0.17 ± 0.01) compared to the FB group (serum: 0.20 ± 0.01; liver: 0.29 ± 0.03) proved that supplementation of broiler feed with FUMzyme® was effective in partially counteracting the toxic effect of dietary FB. Likewise, FB concentrations in digesta and excreta were significantly reduced in the FB+FUMzyme® group compared to the FB group (P < 0.05; up to 75%). FUMzyme® furthermore partially counteracted FB-induced up-regulation of cytokine gene expression (IL-8 and IL-10) in the jejunum. The FB group showed significantly higher gene expression of IL-8 and IL-10 compared to the negative control group (IL-8: fold change = 2.9 ± 1.1, P < 0.05; IL-10: fold change = 3.6 ± 1.4, P < 0.05), whereas IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA levels were not significantly different in the FB+FUMzyme®® group compared to the other 2 groups. In conclusion, FUMzyme® is suitable to detoxify FB in chickens and maintain gut functions.

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

“…Commercial carboxylesterase or nosilicate clay platelets were supplied to the animals with FBs contaminated diets. The same conclusions were obtained by Grenier et al (2017) who, by the analysis of the sphingoid base, showed an increase of the Sa/So ratio in the serum and liver of broiler chickens fed with FB-contaminated diet as compared to ones fed with an uncontaminated diet (Grenier et al, 2017). When the supplemented carboxylesterase (FUMzyme) was introduced in the diet, a significant decreased FB1 levels in excreta and a consequent significantly increase of HFB1 concentrations were registered confirming that carboxylesterase is effective to detoxify FB1 in the digestive tract of turkeys (Masching et al, 2016).…”

Oral and Intravenous Fumonisin Exposure in Pigs—A Single-Dose Treatment Experiment Evaluating Toxicokinetics and Detoxification

“…After application, catheters were flushed with physiological saline to attain a total injection volume of 25 mL and the other groups (FUM po , FumD po and CON group) received 25 mL of physiological saline. For both oral treatments, FUM po and FumD po , fumonisin culture material, derived from Fusarium verticillioides (10.47 mg FB1/g, 4.18 mg FB2/g and 1.24 mg FB3/g culture material, Romer Labs GmbH, Tulln, Austria) as previously described by Grenier et al [ 35 ], was used on top of the morning ration (basal diet) and a fumonisin esterase preparation (FUM zyme ® , BIOMIN, Tulln, Austria) for FumD po treatment. These ingredients were blended with the morning basal feed using a 1 kg ploughshare mixer (Gebr.…”

Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet

“…In pigs, biotransformation of FB 1 into pHFB 1 , and further to HFB 1 , by their digestive microbiota and liver has been observed after being fed an FBs-contaminated diet containing 45 mg FB 1 , 8.6 mg FB 2 and 4.6 mg FB 3 /kg for 10 days, together with a persistence of low levels of pHFB 1 in most organs for several days [30]. However, only low concentrations of pHFB 1a and pHFB 1b have been detected in the plasma of broiler chickens, fed an FBs-contaminated diet with 10 mg FBs/kg for 14 days [28]. The formation of pHFB 1a , pHFb 1b and HFB 1 after FB 1 exposure has been described in turkeys [32], monkeys [29] and rats [31] as well.…”

“…Consequently, it can be concluded that the observed pHFB 1 in the plasma of animals fed the FBs-contaminated diet resulted from hydrolysis of the FB 1 present in the diet. However, the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens and turkeys seems to have a rather limited capacity to hydrolyze FBs [28,32]. HFB 1 initiated lesser inflammatory responses than FB 1 in an in vitro co-culture model of porcine intestinal epithelial and immune cells [38].…”