Enzootic Rabies Elimination from Dogs and Reemergence in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores, United States

Velasco-Villa, Andrés; Reeder, Serena A.; Orciari, Lillian A.; Yager, Pamela A.; Franka, Richard; Blanton, Jesse D.; Zuckero, Letha; Hunt, P.; Oertli, Ernest H.; Robinson, Laura E.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.3201/eid1412.080876

Cited by 134 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Coordinated oral rabies vaccination (ORV) with a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine Raboral V-RGH (Merial, A SANOFI Company, Athens, Georgia, USA) has resulted in canine rabies elimination in coyotes (Canis latrans; Fearneyhough et al 1998;Sidwa et al 2005), and the US was declared canine rabies free in 2008 (Velasco-Villa et al 2008). Oral rabies vaccination has been successfully applied in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in Texas, USA (Sidwa et al 2005), with no reported cases since May 2009 (Blanton et al 2011), until a reported case in a cow in May 2013 (E. Oertli pers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Slate

Chipman

Algeo

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural West Virginia, USA to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (AdRG1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait; ONRAB) in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). We selected ONRAB for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, Raboral V-RGH, in US-Canada border studies. Raccoon rabies was enzootic and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) had never been used in the study area. We distributed 79,027 ONRAB baits at 75 baits/km 2 mostly by fixed-wing aircraft along parallel flight lines at 750-m intervals. Antibody prevalence was significantly higher at 49.2% (n5262) in raccoons after ONRAB was distributed than the 9.6% (n5395) before ORV. This was the highest antibody prevalence observed in raccoons by US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services for areas with similar management histories evaluated before and after an initial ORV campaign at 75 baits/km 2 with Raboral V-RG. Tetracycline biomarker (TTCC) was significantly higher among antibodypositive raccoons after ONRAB baiting and was similar among raccoons before ORV had been conducted, an indication of vaccine-induced rabies virus-neutralizing antibody production following consumption of bait containing TTCC. Skunk sample size was inadequate to assess ONRAB effects. Safety and immunogenicity results supported replication of this field trial and led to a recommendation for expanded field trials in 2012 to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of ground-distributed ONRAB at 150 baits/km 2 in residential and commercial habitats in Ohio, USA and aerially distributed ONRAB at 75 baits/km 2 in rural habitats along US-Quebec border.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Slate

Chipman

Algeo

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Canine rabies vaccination has eliminated canine rabies in the United States and Great Britain as well as controlled rabies throughout western Europe, South America, and regions of subSaharan Africa and Asia where it has been maintained at sufficient coverage (5,18). Central point vaccination campaigns, where owners bring dogs to the vaccination team, have been shown to cost-effectively prevent human rabies death in the resourceconstrained settings of Tanzania and Chad (19,20), where PEP availability is unreliable.…”

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confidence: 99%

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

Fitzpatrick

Shah

Pandey

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Over 20,000 rabies deaths occur annually in India, representing one-third of global human rabies. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has pioneered a "One Health" committee to address the challenge of rabies in dogs and humans. Currently, rabies control in Tamil Nadu involves postexposure vaccination of humans after dog bites, whereas potential supplemental approaches include canine vaccination and sterilization. We developed a data-driven rabies transmission model fit to human rabies autopsy data and human rabies surveillance data from Tamil Nadu. Integrating local estimates for canine demography and costs, we predicted the impact of canine vaccination and sterilization on human health outcomes and evaluated cost-effectiveness according to the WHO criteria for India, which correspond to thresholds of $1,582 and $4,746 per disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for very cost-effective and cost-effective strategies, respectively. We found that highly feasible strategies focused on stray dogs, vaccinating as few as 7% of dogs annually, could very cost-effectively reduce human rabies deaths by 70% within 5 y, and a modest expansion to vaccinating 13% of stray dogs could cost-effectively reduce human rabies by almost 90%. Through integration over parameter uncertainty, we find that, for a cost-effectiveness threshold above $1,400 per DALY, canine interventions are at least 95% likely to be optimal. If owners are willing to bring dogs to central point campaigns at double the rate that campaign teams can capture strays, expanded annual targets become cost-effective. This case study of cost-effective canine interventions in Tamil Nadu may have applicability to other settings in India and beyond. mathematical modeling | cost-effectiveness | rabies | sterilization | vaccination

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“…Rabies transmitted from dogs kills an estimated 55,000 people each year in Africa and Asia, and millions of dollars are spent on post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent the disease developing in patients bitten by suspect rabid dogs (Knobel et al, 2005). Rabies in dogs, , reintroduction of rabies from bats or wildlife in dog population, and cases of the disease transmitted from dogs to people, can be controlled and in certain circumstances eliminated by the mass vaccination of dogs against the virus (Cleaveland et al, 2006;De Lucca et al, 2013;Lembo et al, 2010;Velasco-Villa et al, 2008). Using estimates of the basic reproductive rate of rabies from a number of outbreaks in dogs around the world, Hampson et al (2009) estimate that a critical vaccination coverage of only 20-40% of a dog population is sufficient to prevent outbreaks of rabies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of methods for short-term marking of domestic dogs for rabies control

Conan

Kent

Koman

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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Rabies transmitted by domestic dogs is a serious yet neglected public health threat in many underserved communities in Africa and Asia. Achieving 70% vaccination coverage in dog populations through annual mass vaccination campaigns is an effective means of controlling the disease in these communities. Evaluating the extent to which this target coverage is achieved requires either accurate pre-campaign estimates of the dog population size or accurate estimates of the coverage attained by conducting post-vaccination surveys. Short-term marking of dogs by applying visible marks may be useful to achieve these estimates, but will be affected by the performance of the marking methods. We evaluated the longevity and visibility of two readily-available livestock marking methods applied to owned, free roaming dogs.We applied two types of marks (spray and crayon) with three different colours (red, blue and green) to each of 21 dogs and compared the time of persistence of the marks over several weeks. Two independent observers assessed the visibility and colour of the marks. Each dog was observed over 2 eight to 37 days (median: 28 days). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and semi-parametric log-rank tests were performed separately for both observers. Spray marks remained visible significantly longer (median of 24 days for both observers) compared with crayon marks (medians of 10 and 13 days). After 10 days, 90% of spray marks were still visible, compared with only 46% of crayon marks.Visibility of marks was reduced in darker-coloured dogs. Colours of marks were frequently misclassified, and agreement between observers on the colours of the marks was low (Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.27).The livestock marker spray can effectively be used to mark dogs that are physically restrained, for example during vaccination campaigns. Resight surveys should be conducted within a short a time as possible after marking; however, our results suggest that loss of marks will not have a significant impact if surveys are conducted within 5-7 days after marking with the spray. Results that depend on observers' abilities to distinguish between the three colours which we evaluated may not be reliable.

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Enzootic Rabies Elimination from Dogs and Reemergence in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores, United States

Cited by 134 publications

References 33 publications

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

Evaluation of methods for short-term marking of domestic dogs for rabies control

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