Environmentally Friendly Growth of Well-Developed LiCoO<sub>2</sub> Crystals for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Using a NaCl Flux

Teshima, Katsuya; Lee, Sunhyung; Mizuno, Yusuke; Inagaki, Hikaru; Hozumi, Masato; Kohama, Keiichi; Shishido, Toetsu; Oishi, Shuji

doi:10.1021/cg100705d

Cited by 54 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is well known that the flux growth method provides highly developed oxide compounds at low temperature compared with the solid-state reactions. [149,[158][159][160][161][162][163] The mechanisms for the crystal growth at low temperature was closely associated with Ostwald ripening in molten salts. [164][165][166][167] The molten salts of the chemical reagents could lower the melting temperature of the cathode precursor, and the cathode continuously dissolved and reprecipitated at the surface, resulting in the synthesis of narrow sized single crystalline cathode.…”

Section: Single Crystalline Nickel-rich Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Kim

Lee

Cha

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

644

582

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practical candidate for the wide application of the LIBs with respect to the reversible capacity, rate capability, and capital cost. [4][5][6][7] In terms of nickel contents, the nickel-rich cathodes with nickel content above 80% have advantages in gravimetric capacity, allowing high gravimetric energy density, compared with the nickel content less than 80%. Currently, the nickel-rich cathodes with the amount of nickel less than 60% are fully commercialized. However, the nickel-rich cathodes with nickel content of ≥80% still have many difficulties in the commercialization with respect to powder properties and electrode fabrication process.The unstable powder properties originate from residual lithium compounds such as LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 that formed by the spontaneous reduction of sensitive trivalent nickel ions during the synthesis process and storage in air. [8][9][10][11] The Li 2 CO 3 significantly promotes the gas evolution and increase the moisture of the cathode powder, which strongly related to the safety issue. [12][13][14] Furthermore, the LiOH on the cathode increases the powder pH value, causing the gelation of the slurry during the electrode fabrication process. The nickel-rich cathode with nickel content of ≤60% have acceptable amount of residual lithium compounds for the practical use. By contrast, the cathode with amount of nickel of ≥80% should be treated by additional process to reduce the residual lithium compounds ( Table 1). Furthermore, other powder properties, such as powder pH and moisture, should be carefully controlled when nickel contents were exceeded of ≥80%. Thus, for the practical application of these cathode materials, most battery companies have adapted the washing process, in which the cathode power was stirred in purified water for 20-40 min. [15,16] The washing process could greatly reduce the residual lithium compounds and powder pH value. [15] However, the washing process not only increases process time and capital cost but also make the nickel-rich cathode more chemically sensitive than nonwashed cathodes. [16] More seriously, the water washing deteriorates the thermal stability of the nickel-rich cathodes, indicating that the washing process should be substituted by other methods for the battery safety.Another important factor for the commercialization of the nickel-rich cathodes is the electrode density directly related to the energy density. In general, the nickel-rich cathodesThe layered nickel-rich cathode materials are considered as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. However, several significant challenges, such as the unstable powder properties and limited electrode density, hindered the practical application of the nickel-rich cathode materials with the nickel content over 80%. Herein, important stability issues and in-depth understanding of the nickel-rich cathode materials on the basis of the industrial electrode fabrication condition for the commercialization of the nickel-rich cathode m...

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Section: Single Crystalline Nickel-rich Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Kim

Lee

Cha

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

644

582

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These materials are mainly used in lithium ion rechargeable batteries due to their attractive properties such as high energy density, high average output voltage, exceptional cycling behavior, high rate capability and wide working temperature ranges. Among this group, LiCoO 2 is one of the most promising materials for commercial application because of its favorable features such as good capacity, excellent electrochemical stability, good power rates, low self-discharge, and excellent life cycle [7]. The structural stability of the LiCoO 2 cathode material is such that the layered cation ordering extremely preserved even after a repeated process of insertion and extraction of Li + ions [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LiCoO 2 crystals in particular have attracted attention due to their layered structure because Li + ions are easily removed from LiCoO 2 structure [7]. This layered crystallographic structure is able to accommodate foreign cations in a reversible way, without drastic change of solid matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several disadvantages in hydrothermal growth technique such as expensive equipment and high total cost. For sol-gel crystallization, the grown LiCoO 2 crystals have a poor crystallinity [7]. Currently, LiCoO 2 has often been synthesized by conventional high temperature solid-state reaction route in factories because this is the most convenient method [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Lithium Composition on Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Lithium Cobaltite Prepared by Solid-state Reaction

et al. 2014

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The lithium-cobalt oxide Li x CoO 2 is a promising candidate as highly active cathode material of lithium ion rechargeable batteries. The crystalline-layered lithium cobaltite has attracted increased attention due to recent discoveries of some extraordinary properties such as unconventional transport and magnetic properties. Due to layered crystal structure, Li contents (x) in Li x CoO 2 might play an important role on its interesting properties. LiCoO 2 crystalline cathode material was prepared by using solid-state reaction synthesis, and then Li x CoO 2 (x<1) has been synthesized by deintercalation of produced single-phase powders. Structure and morphology of the synthesized powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy, Impedance analyzer etc. The influence of lithium composition (x) on structural, electronic and optical properties of lithium cobaltite was studied. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity was measured using four-probe technique. While Li x CoO 2 with x = 0.9 is a semiconductor, the highly Li-deficient phase (0.75 ≥ x ≥ 0.5) exhibits metallic conductivity. The ionic conductivity of Li x CoO 2 (x = 0.5 -1.15) was measured using impedance spectroscopy and maximum conductivity of Li 0.5 CoO 2 was found to be 6.5×10-6 S/cm at 273 K. The properties that are important for applications, such as ionic conductivity, charge capacity, and optical absorption are observed to increase with Li deficiency.

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“…A variety of compounds have been investigated as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, including LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 and V 2 O 5 as well. [1][2][3][4][5] Among which V 2 O 5 has been extensively investigated as an electrode material because of its high capacity, and low cost. 6-9 V 2 O 5 has a crystal structure formed by stacking V 2 O 5 layers perpendicular to the c-axis via van der Waals interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional V₂O₅ Sheet Network as Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Dunwell

Ling

et al. 2014

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Two-dimensional V2O5 and manganese-doped V2O5 sheet network were synthesized by a one-step polymer-assisted chemical solution method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermal-gravimetric analysis, and galvanostatic discharge-charge analysis. The V2O5 particles were covered with thin carbon layers, which remained after decomposition of the polymer, forming a network-like sheet structure. This V2O5 network exhibits a high capacity of about 300 and 600 mA·h/g at a current density of 100 mA/g when it was used as a cathode and anode, respectively. After doping with 5% molar ratio of manganese, the capacity of the cathode increases from 99 to 165 mA·h/g at a current density of 1 A/g (∼3 C). This unique network structure provides an interconnected transportation pathway for lithium ions. Improvement of electrochemical performance after doping manganese could be attributed to the enhancement of electronic conductivity.

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Environmentally Friendly Growth of Well-Developed LiCoO₂ Crystals for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Using a NaCl Flux

Cited by 54 publications

References 35 publications

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Impact of Lithium Composition on Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Lithium Cobaltite Prepared by Solid-state Reaction

Two-Dimensional V₂O₅ Sheet Network as Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Environmentally Friendly Growth of Well-Developed LiCoO2 Crystals for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Using a NaCl Flux

Cited by 54 publications

References 35 publications

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization

Impact of Lithium Composition on Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Lithium Cobaltite Prepared by Solid-state Reaction

Two-Dimensional V2O5 Sheet Network as Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Product

Resources

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Environmentally Friendly Growth of Well-Developed LiCoO₂ Crystals for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Using a NaCl Flux

Two-Dimensional V₂O₅ Sheet Network as Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries