Environmental Risk of Leptospirosis in Animals: The Case of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation

Захарова, О. И.; Korennoy, Fedor I.; Toropova, Nadezhda N.; Burova, Olga A.; Blokhin, Andrey A.

doi:10.3390/pathogens9060504

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…The study presents the first ever attempt at leptospirosis ecological modeling in Russia. Its results correspond well to the findings of other authors and underline the importance of considering ecological factors when conducting a leptospirosis risk assessment [24].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

2020

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as the reservoir for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contacts between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this Special Issue have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in the leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

2020

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“…For previously vaccinated animals, testing was conducted at least 3 months following the vaccination. In the case of a positive MAT result with no clinical signs, confirmatory testing using real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted (38). After excluding data with inaccurate information or a lack of geographic coordinates, the database counted 808 cases among livestock animals.…”

Section: Leptospirosis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and Socio-Economic Determinants of Livestock Animal Leptospirosis in the Russian Arctic

Захарова¹,

Korennoy

Iashin³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Regional differences in the disease manifestation and the role of ecological factors, specifically in regions with a subarctic and arctic climate, remain poorly understood. We here explored environmental and socio-economic features associated with leptospirosis cases in livestock animals in the Russian Arctic during 2000–2019. Spatial analysis suggested that the locations of the majority of 808 cases were in “boreal” or “polar” climate regions, with “cropland,” “forest,” “shrubland,” or “settlements” land-cover type, with a predominance of “Polar Moist Cropland on Plain” ecosystem. The cases demonstrated seasonality, with peaks in March, June, and August, corresponding to the livestock pasturing practices. We applied the Forest-based Classification and Regression algorithm to explore the relationships between the cumulative leptospirosis incidence per unit area by municipal districts (G-rate) and a number of socio-economic, landscape, and climatic factors. The model demonstrated satisfactory performance in explaining the observed disease distribution (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.01), with human population density, livestock units density, the proportion of crop area, and budgetary investments into agriculture per unit area being the most influential socio-economic variables. Climatic factors demonstrated a significantly weaker influence, with nearly similar contributions of mean yearly precipitation and air temperature and number of days with above-zero temperatures. Using a projected climate by 2100 according to the RCP8.5 scenario, we predict a climate-related rise of expected disease incidence across most of the study area, with an up to 4.4-fold increase in the G-rate. These results demonstrated the predominant influence of the population and agricultural production factors on the observed increase in leptospirosis cases in livestock animals in the Russian Arctic. These findings may contribute to improvement in the regional system of anti-leptospirosis measures and may be used for further studies of livestock leptospirosis epidemiology at a finer scale.

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“…Environmental factors, such as air temperature, precipitation levels, and their change over time can affect the survival of the pathogen in the external environment. These factors also affect the likelihood of its transmission between susceptible individuals of a population and in the future, the possibility of forming a stable focus of this and other diseases [18]. Socio-economic factors, such as the density of the transport network and the remoteness from major transport hubs, determine the risk of pathogen spread to new territories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus spread and the risk of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation

Agoltsov

Podshibyakin²,

Padilo

et al. 2022

Vet World

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Aim: This study examines methods to effectively control peste des petits ruminants (PPR), an emerging, highly contagious, transboundary disease that has been designated as a highly dangerous disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Mathematical modeling was used as a predictive and preventive tool to assess the risk of PPR virus spread in the model area and the probability of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods: PPR risk assessment was performed by modeling the pathogen's ecological niche by performing linear regression analysis in the geographic information system ESRI ArcGIS Desktop and maximum entropy methods using MaxEnt software. The territories of Bangladesh, China, and Algeria were used as model countries because they have the highest number of confirmed PPR outbreaks, as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations from 2009 to 2020. The prepared global model of the PPR pathogen's ecological niche was extrapolated onto the territory of the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation to assess the probability of virus introduction in that region. Results: Global model analysis showed that two factors exerted the highest influence on the spread of the PPR pathogen on a global scale: The minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year and the density of roads per unit area, which reflect the overall economic activity within a region. The highest risk of PPR spread was observed in areas with a minimum annual temperature of 16°C and road density of 5000 m/km2. Conclusion: According to the model, areas with a dominant subtropical climate, where small livestock breeding is performed and where the average daily air temperature is >0°C throughout the year, are at the highest risk of PPR outbreaks. The risk of PPR spreading outside these areas is significantly reduced. Local extrapolation of the PPR ecological niche model demonstrates that the probability of epizootic development does not exceed 3–4% within the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adjacent to Mongolia and China.

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Environmental Risk of Leptospirosis in Animals: The Case of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation

Cited by 12 publications

References 61 publications

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

Ecological and Socio-Economic Determinants of Livestock Animal Leptospirosis in the Russian Arctic

Analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus spread and the risk of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation

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