Environmental profile of latent energy storage materials applied to industrial systems

Carbon footprint of a thermal energy storage system using phase change materials for industrial energy recovery to reduce the fossil fuel consumption

“…However, some data was provided in case of some nitrates. Laing et al [3] analysed the charge and discharge cycles and observed that after 250 thermal cycles retained its functionality and Steinmann et al [29] who confirms that it was operated for more than 4000 h without degradation and the charge and discharge cycle time was 6 h. Hence, in this work, the PCM lifetime is assumed according to some of those works that have addressed this subject using PCM containing nitrates and based on our own previous experience regarding PCM used in medium [30] and low [31] temperature studies. This lifetime indicates that the PCM must be replaced three times during the lifetime of the TES system.…”

An overview on design methodologies for liquid–solid PCM storage systems

“…Environmental issues are of great concert for the society and a sustainable development requires not only the evaluation and design of efficient systems in terms of energy use, but also in terms of life cycle. Some work has been done in the past years regarding the evaluation of PCM systems during their whole life span for both passive [139][140][141][142][143][144] and active [145] systems in buildings and industrial applications [146,147]. Life Cycle Assessment methodology [148][149][150][151][152][153] has been applied to such systems with different results.…”

Integration of environmental indicators in the optimization of industrial energy management using phase change materials

“…Their environmental relevance is negligible. Besides to take into account this general cut-off criteria as it was applied in previous studies [26], some variations in the cut-off criteria using sensitivity analysis varying it from 0.5% to 5% were performed and the influence of the variation of the results were indeed negligible. In this sense, the authors have validated these criteria.…”

“…However, there are few works regarding an integrated study of the PCM system at low temperatures [25] (excluding environmental assessment) to store energy to be released in other process, avoiding the use of conventional fuels. Neither is the case of PCM systems with medium temperatures [26] nor their environmental implications.…”