Environmental Monitoring: Models, Methods, and Systems

Information Tools for Sustainable Development: Enabling Distributed Human Intelligence

“…It allows for the cost-effective and precise coverage of large surface areas. One great advantage of this method of data gathering is the comparability of observations, as standard methods of collecting data can be used worldwide (Günther et al, 1994). Furthermore, regular orbital observations enable trends to be easily detected.…”

“…Because of the increasing information overload, the focus is shifting from merely monitoring and classifying basic data toward the analytical clustering of these items around issues, which requires complex models of natural processes and the effects that humans have on them (O'Connor, 1994). In order to get reliable information, useful for planning concrete action for global change, such models need to be socially agreed upon (Günther et al, 1994). This need for new ways of joint working is not just a theoretical construct, but ever more clearly also felt in the user community itself, where various stakeholders increasingly demand more creative opportunities for collaborative work (Mayer and Gans, 1995).…”

The Application of Fuzzy Clustering to Satellite Images Data

“…Remote sensing is a form of measuring physical characteristics of remote object without being in contact with them [4]. In this case, the earth surface is using as the target of observation.…”

“…Most of the land use changes are caused by human activities, such as deforestation for expanding agricultural land or for urban use. This will be major aspects of attention we relation to the city such as Ipoh in Malaysia with the reduction in the rain forest stand, air pollution, extremely rapid extension of its urban area and many other environmental changes [4].…”