Environmental Impact of Avermectins

Edwards, C. A.; Atiyeh, Rola M.; Römbke, Jörg

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0161-5_3

Cited by 44 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…However, the effect of ivermectin excreted in the dung of treated animals still remains an issue of continued controversy (Herd et al, 1993, Wiktelius, 1996Edwards et al, 2001). There is no doubt that this drug has profound effects on the larval stages of certain coprophilic arthropods (Steel, 1997), but limited information is available on the effects of this drug on either micro-organisms, or saprophytic nematodes in the external environment.…”

Section: Anthelmintics and The Effects On The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Waller

2005

Ran

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Abstract:In a balanced ecological system, both host and nematode parasite populations are firmly controlled by a complex array of interacting factors. However domestication of livestock has tipped the balance in favour of the parasites. This is due to increasing the proportion of susceptible animals in the herd or flock (lactating females and weaned young animals), increasing stocking rate, increasing productivity demands and decreasing the movement of the animals. In contrast with microbial infections, where multiplication takes place entirely within the host, metazoan parasites have both a parasitic phase and a free-living phase. Every worm present has been separately acquired by the ingestion of free-living stages on pasture. Immunity to nematodes develops slowly, it is labile, and its maintenance is dependent upon a good nutritional state of the animal. Consequently, worm parasites are ubiquitous wherever livestock are kept and they impose a constant and often a high infectious pressure on grazing animals. Nematode infections in grazing livestock are almost always a mixture of species. All have deleterious effects and collectively lead to chronic ill thrift. Economic evaluations repeatedly show that the major losses due to parasites are on animal production, rather than on mortality. This paper focuses on the problems of nematode parasites; problems associated with drug use (anthelmintic resistance, environmental impact) and costs of nematode infections for the common ruminant livestock industries (cattle, sheep, goats), with possible analogies for the semi-domesticated reindeer industry.

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Section: Anthelmintics and The Effects On The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Waller

2005

Ran

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“…The development of ectocidal anthelmintics and latterly endectocides with a broad range of target pathogens has provided efficient and economic options particularly dung decomposition [3,16,27]. Beetles of the Scarabaeidae family belong to the most important dung organisms [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New screening test to predict the potential impact of ivermectin-contaminated cattle dung on dung beetles

Lumaret

Alvinerie²,

Hempel

et al. 2007

Vet. Res.

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-According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pouron administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC 50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC 50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC 50 880-985 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (d.w.)), the LC 50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.environmental risk assessment / ivermectin / dung beetle / treated dung / screening test

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“…Processes under study in laboratory or field scale focused on degradation in manure [1 -3], sorption and transport in soils [4 -9], surface runoff [10 -12], degradation [13,14] and ecotoxicological effects [15,16]. Test substances under study predominantly belonged to the therapeutical groups of antibiotics, e. g., sulfonamides, tetracyclines, or to macrolide endectocides, e. g., ivermectin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of the Benzimidazole Antiparasitics Flubendazole and Fenbendazole in Manure and Manured Soils

Kreuzig¹,

Blümlein

Höltge

2007

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The fate of flubendazole and fenbendazole in manure and manured soils was investigated under laboratory and field conditions. In pig manure, both 14 C-labeled benzimidazoles disappeared slowly. After a 102 day incubation period, extractable fractions contained 72% flubendazole or 80% fenbendazole of the radioactivity initially applied. The latter was accompanied by 4% of the corresponding metabolite fenbendazole-sulfoxide. Non-extractable residues amounted to 24 and 13%, respectively. On this basis, test manures with 7 day aged benzimidazole residues were prepared. Mobility tendencies differed for clay and sand soils as well as for standard and test-manure application. Regarding K OC A 1100 L/kg, however, criteria for potential leachers were not fulfilled. The metabolic fate of flubendazole was predominated by the occurrence of the parent compound while fenbendazole was accompanied by fenbendazole-sulfoxide. In clay soil samples after standard application, DT 50 values were 174 and 54 days, respectively. Mineralization and formation of non-extractable residues were of minor relevance. For fenbendazole, these processes were intensified after test-manure application. Due to enhanced formation of fenbendazole-sulfoxide, fenbendazolesulfone, and non-extractable residues, DT 50 thus dropped to 9 days. Similar mobility and degradability tendencies were also found under field conditions. In the sand soil, however, the metabolic dynamics decelerated due to its lower microbial activity.

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Environmental Impact of Avermectins

Cited by 44 publications

References 107 publications

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

New screening test to predict the potential impact of ivermectin-contaminated cattle dung on dung beetles

Fate of the Benzimidazole Antiparasitics Flubendazole and Fenbendazole in Manure and Manured Soils

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