Environmental assessment of fate, transport and persistent behavior of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes in land and water ecosystems

Abstract

Many studies have investigated the contamination level, spatial distribution, sources, chiral signals, and potential ecological and public health risks of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, its metabolites and the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane in the environment. This study presents a critical review to provide updated knowledge about the fate, persistence, long-range transport and toxicity effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment on the basis of analytical data between 1990 and 2014. Highest levels were found for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (200-9300 ng/ L) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (20-36,000 ng/L) with mean values of 1000 and 5600 ng/L, which were 10 and 56 times higher than the European Community allowable residual limit of 100 ng/L, respectively, in Lake Taihu water of China obtained between 1999 and 2000. Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes in sediments and fish species were remarkably higher than hexachlorocyclohexanes. The highest levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes in sediments were found up to 780-227,000 ng/g near a production factory in China and 20,000-5,463,000 ng/g in cattle dips disposal areas in Australia. Out of 32 selected locations for common fish species, tilapia had the highest mean concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes up to 3800 ng/g in Noha River of Japan in 2006. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes derive from agricultural runoff, industrial and urban wastewater, etc., that ultimately associate with soil and sediments. The carbon-carbon and carbon-chlorine bonds in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes provide them persistence, lipophilicity and high binding affinity leading to bioaccumulation in the receptor protein. High accumulation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes causes mutagenic, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting toxicity effects to the humans and wildlife.

Investigation of Organochlorine pesticides in sediment in Cau Hai lagoon, Central Vietnam

“…OCPs is known as an ecological toxin, persistent and highly bioaccumulating (Bai et al, 2015;Ahmed et al, 2015). Exposure to active ingredients such as HCHs and DDTs can cause serious health effects such as endocrine disorders, cancer and neurological and immune problems (Ize-Iyamu et al, 2007).…”

Determination of Occurrences, Distribution, Health Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils of Central China

“…Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are among the extensively used OCPs in agriculture, public health, in controlling termite, tsetse fly and malaria causing mosquitoes [2,3,4,5]. Organochlorine pesticides are known for their ecological toxicity, high persistence and strong affinity to bioaccumulation [6,7]. Due to the high level of environmental toxicity and health impacts, the large-scale production and use of OCPs (HCHs and DDTs) is currently prohibited.…”

Electrochemistry and sensitive determination of a metal complex azo dye using graphite paste electrode modified with Na-bentonite

“…Industrial wastewater is one of the serious problems which negatively affect the ecosystem of living organisms in the natural environment (1). In particular, dye-contaminated wastewater is the major sources of the water pollution due to the easy penetration to the large water reservoirs, underground water sources, rivers, lakes, and shorelines (2). Among a wide variety of industries, textile plants generate a large amount of wastewater containing reactive dyes, surfactants, organic and inorganic toxic substances during dyeing and finishing processes (3,4).…”