Environmental and Hormonal Control of Turion Germination in Myriophyllum Verticillatum

Abstract

Germination, or outgrowth, of Myriophyllum verticillatum turions involves a series of visible changes starting with reflexing of leaves followed by extension and curving of the axis, and then by root formation. Before abscission, turions grow out in response to long days (16 hr) but not short days (8 hr). After abscission, turions show maximal dormancy which can be fully broken by a cold treatment (4 C). Turions are heterogeneous in degree of dormancy and ability to respond to less complete dormancy‐breaking treatments, e.g., long days at 20 C. Cytokinins (10‐6 m) break dormancy of non‐cold‐treated turions, whereas gibberellic acid (GA3) is ineffective except at high concentrations (10‐3 m). Continuous treatment with cytokinins causes abnormal development after germination. GA3, on the other hand, induces apparently normal development even at high concentration. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) induces outgrowth only at high concentrations (10‐3 ‐ 10‐4 m), but these concentrations also produce abnormal development. Abscisic acid (ABA, 10‐5 m) retards outgrowth of cold‐treated turions and can completely suppress it in non‐cold‐treated turions. The activity of ABA‐like substances in turions remains about the same before and during germination, whereas other (unidentified) acidic inhibitors decrease markedly. The cytokinin activity changes in a complex pattern.

Aquatic leaves and regeneration of last year's staw in the arctic grass, Arctophila fulva

“…But in that species, the growth occurs in the same growing season . The specialized over-wintering buds (turions) of the native water milfoils (Myriophyllum sibiricum Komorov and M. verticillaturm L.), propagate similarly (Aiken and Waltz 1979;Weber and Nooden 1974), but after food reserves have been stored in them as they develop.…”

From winter sleep to spring wake-up : elucidating how temperature and daylength affect dormancy and budburst in temperate deciduous trees

“…The next phase of dormancy is endodormancy, also known as winter dormancy (Doorenbos 1953), true dormancy (Saure 2011), and deep dormancy (Weber and Noodén 1976). Environmental factors, decreasing photoperiod and temperature, are signals for buds to enter into endodormancy (Fennell and Hoover 1991;Grant, Gargrave, and Dami 2013;Horvath et al 2003).…”