Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling

“…Instead, recycling allows for valuable metals such as cobalt and nickel to be recovered, lowering the raw material demand and securing an alternative raw materials supply chain, gaining independence from exporting economies ( Figure 1 ) ( Helbig et al., 2018 ; Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020, 2020 ; Olivetti et al., 2017 ; Skeete et al., 2020 ; Sommerville et al., 2021 ; Steward et al., 2019 ). Moreover, efficient recycling processes can help to avoid energy- and emission-intensive material processing ( Ciez and Whitacre, 2019 ; Dunn et al., 2012 ; Gaines et al., 2011 ; Hao et al., 2017 ; Mohr et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al., 2020 ). Current recycling processes can be mainly classified under three types, namely pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling ( Chen et al., 2019 ; Dunn et al., 2012 ; Elwert et al., 2018 ; Fan et al., 2020 ; Gaines, 2018 ; Harper et al., 2019 ; Huang et al., 2018 ).…”

“…It is thus crucial to identify cost-cutting/profit-increasing opportunities in the recycling process through detailed techno-economic assessments, in order to incentivize the industry to increase its recycling capacity. Indeed, to date, several techno-economic studies of LIB recycling have been published, analyzing the recycling cost of several battery chemistries and various recycling methods ( Fan et al., 2020 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Samarukha, 2020 ; Xiong et al., 2020 ; Yang et al., 2018 ). However, most techno-economic studies are limited by either the system boundaries of their assessment (e.g.…”

Comprehensive Insight into the Mechanism, Material Selection and Performance Evaluation of Supercapatteries

“…To meet out the demand for high energy and power density of electrochemical energy storage devices, the material development plays a dramatic role [13,14]. Comprehensively, various EES devices are available; however, batteries [15][16][17][18] and supercapacitors [19][20][21] are considered as two main classes of EES devices due to their high energy and power densities [12,[22][23][24][25][26]. In the view of safety and life cycle, supercapacitors headed over the batteries [27,28], but they are backward in the energy density [29].…”

Could K+‐Based Electrolytes Be the Reliable Environmental‐Friendly Alternative to Li+ in Gr//LMO Battery We Searched for?

“…[ 7,10,11 ] K seems to be of particular interest as it has properties similar to those of lithium. [ 12–15 ] While it has a reduction potential lower than that of lithium in alkylcarbonate, [ 16 ] calculated by Marcus, graphite has been shown to insert this element with good capacity retention and a gravimetric capacity of 250 mA h g −1 , unlike the insertion of Na, [ 16–18 ] which is a less polarizable cation than K + and larger than Li + . Na + combines the two disadvantages (the wrong size and the wrong electronic density).…”