Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling

Lander, Laura; Cleaver, Tom; Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali; Nguyen‐Tien, Viet; Elliott, Robert J.R.; Heidrich, Oliver; Kendrick, Emma; Edge, Jacqueline; Offer, Gregory J.

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102787

Cited by 122 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In this figure, a connection between the categories is visible. For example, the hydrometallurgical processes are also linked to direct recycling (6), special methods (4), recycling retired automotive LIBs (3), and active cathode materials (2). Only one publication was found that was devoted directly to electrolyte processing in this literature review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ever-increasing number of requirements placed on decarbonization in the transportation sector result in an ever-increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) [1,2]. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant energy storage technology for powering these vehicles due to their high volumetric and gravimetric energy density, long calendar life, low maintenance, and high-power capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, LIBs can meet the demands of the user in terms of high torque and speed, as well as range [3]. In the coming decade, the demand for EVs is expected to further increase; thus, the production on the lithium-ion market is predicted to grow exponentially [2]. Consequently, the demand for raw material will rise [4], while concerns regarding the availability of critical materials, in particular lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co), will further increase [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

2022

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During recent years, emissions reduction has been tightened worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) that can meet emission requirements. The growing number of new EVs increases the consumption of raw materials during production. Simultaneously, the number of used EVs and subsequently retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that need to be disposed of is also increasing. According to the current approaches, the recycling process technology appears to be one of the most promising solutions for the End-of-Life (EOL) LIBs—recycling and reusing of waste materials would reduce raw materials production and environmental burden. According to this performed literature review, 263 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were classified into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling & Rest. The whole work reviews the current-state of publications dedicated to recycling LIBs from EVs in the techno-environmental-economic summary. This paper covers the first part of the review work; it is devoted to the recycling technology processes and points out the main study fields in recycling that were found during this work.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

2022

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“…Lander et al. ( Lander et al., 2021 ) comprehensively proposed a techno-economic cost model for EV battery recycling. They found that the transportation, disassembly, scale, and raw material cost are the critical factors for recycling profits.…”

Section: Manufacturing and Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting battery technologies for electric vehicles from battery materials to management

2022

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Summary Vehicle electrification has always been a hot topic and gradually become a major role in the automobile manufacturing industry over the last two decades. This paper presented comprehensive discussions and insightful evaluations of both conventional electric vehicle (EV) batteries (such as lead-acid, nickel-based, lithium-ion batteries, etc.) and the state-of-the-art battery technologies (such as all-solid-state, silicon-based, lithium-sulphur, metal-air batteries, etc.). Battery major component materials, operating characteristics, theoretical models, manufacturing processes, and end-of-life management were thoroughly reviewed. Different from other reviews focusing on theoretical studies, this review emphasized the key aspects of battery technologies, commercial applications, and lifecycle management. Useful battery managing technologies such as health prediction, charging and discharging, as well as thermal runaway prevention were thoroughly discussed. Two novel hexagon radar charts of all-round evaluations of most reigning and potential EV battery technologies were created to predict the development trend of the EV battery technologies. It showed that lithium-ion batteries (3.9 points) would be still the dominant product for the current commercial EV power battery market in a short term. However, some cutting-edge technologies such as an all-solid-state battery (3.55 points) and silicon-based battery (3.3 points) are highly likely to be the next-generation EV onboard batteries with both higher specific power and better safety performance.

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“…Exposure to manganese can cause respiratory problems, loss of coordination and other nervous system problems. Third, by recycling precious metals and valuable metals in waste power batteries, if they can be recycled, it will bring certain economic value [9,10], and also reduce the demand for raw materials, ensure the supply chain of alternative raw materials, and apply them In the manufacturing of new power batteries or other fields, to realize the recycling of resources [11]. In short, the recycling of batteries in the future will be paid more attention.…”

Section: The Harm Caused By Ev Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-angle Analysis of Electric Vehicles Battery Recycling and Utilization

Wang

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Under the dual pressure of resource and environment, electric vehicles (EVs) will gradually replace fuel vehicles as a new trend. Among them, the recycling and utilization of EV batteries have attracted much attention. This article indicates the classification of EV batteries and the importance of battery recycling, and proposes some measures to recycle batteries. The research in this paper shows that the current EV batteries mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and ternary lithium batteries. It was emphasized that heavy metals leaked from waste batteries cannot be normally degraded by microorganisms in water bodies and soil, and heavy metals can endanger human health through the food chain through water bodies, plants, animals, etc. At the same time, the recycling of precious metals and valuable metals in the battery can realize resource recycling. Faced with the problems in the EV battery recycling and utilization industry, the customers should strengthen their awareness of battery recycling. The enterprises should work closely with other related enterprises to form a more complete battery recycling industry chain. The government should issue policies and regulations for supervision and management. And the recycling system for battery recycling, cascade utilization, and resource reuse should be improved. This article provides a way to maximize the utilization of EV battery resources, reduce the adverse impact on the environment, and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

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Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling

Cited by 122 publications

References 36 publications

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

Connecting battery technologies for electric vehicles from battery materials to management

Multi-angle Analysis of Electric Vehicles Battery Recycling and Utilization

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