Environment shapes the spatial organization of tree diversity in fragmented forests across a human‐modified landscape

Abstract

Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the combination of dispersal, environment, and stochasticity, but how the influence of these drivers changes in fragmented habitats remains poorly understood. We examined patterns and relationships among total (γ) and site‐level (α) diversity, and site‐to‐site variation in composition (β‐diversity) of tree communities in structurally contiguous and fragmented tropical rainforests within a human‐modified landscape in India's Western Ghats. First, for the entire landscape, we assessed the extent to which habitat type (fragment or contiguous forest), space and environment explained variation in α‐diversity and composition. Next, within fragments and contiguous forest, we assessed the relative contribution of spatial proximity, environmental similarity, and their joint effects in explaining β‐diversity. We repeated these assessments with β‐diversity values corrected for the confounding effects of α‐ and γ‐diversity using null models (β‐deviation). Lower γ‐diversity of fragments resulted from both lower α‐ and β‐diversity compared to contiguous forests. However, β‐deviation did not differ between contiguous forests and fragments. Fragmented and contiguous forest clearly diverged in floristic composition, which was attributable to β‐diversity being driven by differences in elevation and MAP. Within fragmented forest, neither space nor environment explained β‐diversity, but β‐deviation increased with greater elevational differences. In contiguous forests by comparison, environment alone (mainly elevation) explained the most variation in β‐diversity and β‐deviation of both species' occurrences and abundances. Spatial gradients in environmental conditions played a larger role than dispersal limitation in shaping diversity and composition of tree communities across forest fragments. Thus, location of remnant patches at different elevations was a key factor underlying site‐to‐site variability in species abundances across fragments. Understanding the environmental characteristics of remnant forests in human‐modified landscapes, combined with knowledge of species–environment relationships across different functional groups, would therefore be important considerations for management and restoration planning in human‐modified landscapes.

Climate and forest loss interactively restructure trait composition across a human‐modified landscape

“…The decrease in the abundance of denser‐wooded species at higher elevations may be due to unmeasured factors such as higher solar radiation that favor faster‐growing, low‐wood‐density species. Overall, patterns here suggest that trait‐mediated performance partly underlies the marked variation in species composition seen across the elevation gradient in contiguous forests (Krishnadas & Osuri, 2020 ), although the mechanisms remain unclear.…”

“…While many smaller fragments have disappeared and forest edges have degraded (Osuri et al, 2014 ), undisturbed areas were selected for the study based on local consultation and field surveys of disturbance signs. Refer to Krishnadas and Osuri ( 2020 ) for a map of the study area and plot locations.…”

“…In addition, climate can vary considerably over relatively small geographic distances across elevation gradients. Associated changes in tree community composition (Krishnadas & Osuri, 2020 ) can occur via trait‐mediated responses (Butterfield & Suding, 2013 ; Chalmandrier et al, 2015 ; Swenson et al, 2011 ). Compositional variation across the elevation gradient can be homogenized by forest loss and land‐use change (Frishkoff et al, 2019 ; Krishnadas & Osuri, 2020 ; Yano et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Associated changes in tree community composition (Krishnadas & Osuri, 2020 ) can occur via trait‐mediated responses (Butterfield & Suding, 2013 ; Chalmandrier et al, 2015 ; Swenson et al, 2011 ). Compositional variation across the elevation gradient can be homogenized by forest loss and land‐use change (Frishkoff et al, 2019 ; Krishnadas & Osuri, 2020 ; Yano et al, 2021 ). Forest loss can make the landscape warmer and drier (Laurance, 2004 ) and fragments can be less buffered from macroclimate stress than contiguous forests (Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al, 2017 ; Frey et al, 2016 ).…”

Climate and habitat loss interactively restructure trait composition and covariance across a human-modified landscape

“…Additionally, factors unmeasured here could drive compositional change, e.g., greater wind speed at higher elevation may strongly favor shorterstatured species (Umaña and Swenson, 2018), that in this landscape were associated with smaller seeds (Osuri and Sankaran, 2016b). While traits do seem to explain compositional change along the elevational gradient (Krishnadas and Osuri, 2020), the mechanisms clearly need evaluation (Loranger et al, 2018).…”