Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: The Role of Gender and Culture

Abstract

This paper examines how culture and gender shape entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions within Hofstede's cultural dimensions framework and gender role theory. We test whether gender differences exist in the way university students in three nations perceive barriers to entrepreneurship and whether gender has a moderating effect on the relationship between perceived barriers and entrepreneurial intentions across nations. Findings indicate significant gender differences in barrier perceptions. However, this gap is not consistent across cultures. Also, a moderating effect of gender on the relationship between barriers and entrepreneurial intentions is identified. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

“…There is also evidence that perceived barriers may hinder entrepreneurs in becoming more involved in the entrepreneurial process (Van der Zwan et al 2013;Grilo and Thurik 2008;Orser et al 2000). While previous research has focused on the relationship between perceived barriers and entrepreneurial intentions (Shinnar et al 2012;Kuckertz and Wagner 2010), follow-up research could focus on how perceptions at start-up affect the experiences of sustainable entrepreneurs during the process of growing their business, including different performance measures.…”

“…We also control for age, education, and household income. A negative relationship exists between the perceived lack of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial intentions (Shinnar et al 2012), and intentions have been shown to depend on age, education, and income in previous literature (Lee et al 2011). In addition, entrepreneurial perceptions seem to be different across cultures (Shinnar et al 2012), which justifies the inclusion of country dummies.…”

“…In terms of the perceived barriers, previous studies show that women have more negative perceptions than men towards the supportiveness of the entrepreneurial environment (Shinnar et al 2012;Verheul et al 2012). We also control for age, education, and household income.…”

“…Although there is no established measure of perceived barriers to start-up, similar items have been used in earlier research (Edelman and Yli-Renko 2010;Thurik 2005, 2008), such as when they are related the perceived barriers to entrepreneurial intentions (Shinnar et al 2012;Kuckertz and Wagner 2010).…”

Encouraging Female Entrepreneurship in Jordan: Environmental Factors, Obstacles and Challenges

“…Carter, Brush, Greene, Gatewood, & Hart, 2003;Goby & Erogul, 2011;Minniti, 2008);political and economic stability (Lerner, 2010;Movahedi & Yaghoubi-Farani, 2012;Taylor & Plummer, 2003);culture and society's views on entrepreneurship (C. C. Baughn et al, 2006;C. Baughn & Neupert, 2003;Gupta, Turban, Wasti, & Sikdar, 2009;Light & Dana, 2013;Ramadani, Gërguri, Dana, & Tašaminova, 2013;Shinnar, Giacomin, & Janssen, 2012);business information (Ettl & Welter, 2010;Sandhu et al, 2011);support mechanisms and networking opportunities (Ahmad & Xavier, 2011;Al-Alak & Al-Haddad, 2010;Caputo, Mehtap, et al, 2015;De Vita et al, 2014;Goby & Erogul, 2011);access to formal education and training (Dabic et al, 2012;Dickson, Solomon, & Weaver, 2008;Lüthje & Franke, 2002;Packham, Jones, Miller, Pickernell, & Thomas, 2010;Pruett, 2012).…”