Entrepreneurial and Employment Responses to Economic Conditions across the Rural-Urban Continuum

Tsvetkova, Alexandra; Partridge, Mark D.; Betz, Michael R.

doi:10.1177/0002716217711884

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Each has its own political challenges. One strategy is to change the location of investment, to divert resources from local to regional economic growth-perhaps first in urban employment centers-with the expectation that surrounding rural communities will share the benefits from integration and economic interconnections (i.e., commuting and economic spillovers) under a mostly urban umbrella (Tsvetkova, Partridge, and Betz 2017). A second strategy-a contentious one-is to identify and invest strategically in rural demographic "winners" or those places with the prospect of sustainability and future growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes over the Past Century

2019

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This article highlights the rise and geographic spread of depopulation in rural America over the past century. “Depopulation” refers to chronic population losses that prevent counties from returning to an earlier period of peak population size. In this article, we identify 746 depopulating counties—mostly nonmetropolitan—representing 24 percent of all U.S. counties. More than 46 percent of remote rural counties are depopulating compared to 24 percent of the adjacent nonmetropolitan counties and just 6 percent of metropolitan counties. Rural county populations often peaked in size during the 1940s and 1950s, especially in the agricultural heartland. Depopulation today reflects a complex interplay of chronic net out‐migration and natural decrease that is rooted in the past. Depopulation not only is a direct result of persistent out‐migration but also reflects large second‐order effects expressed in declining fertility and rising mortality (usually associated with population aging). Depopulation has become a signature demographic phenomenon in broad regions of rural America.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes over the Past Century

2019

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“…The industry mix variable is exogenous because it is based on national growth rates and lagged local industry employment shares. The industry mix term is also referred to as the Bartik (1991) instrument and is widely used in regional and urban research (Betz and Partridge, 2013;Partridge and Rickman, 1999;Tsvetkova and Partridge, 2016;Tsvetkova et al, 2017). The variable is calculated as follows:…”

Section: Control Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The industry‐mix variable is presumed exogenous because it is based on national growth rates and lagged local industry employment shares. The industry‐mix term is also referred to as the Bartik (1991) instrument and is widely used in regional and urban research (Betz & Partridge, 2013; Blanchard et al, 1992; Partridge & Rickman, 1999; Tsvetkova & Partridge, 2016; Tsvetkova, Partridge, & Betz, 2017, 2019; Weinstein, Partridge, & Tsvetkova, 2018). The variable is calculated as follows:

{italicIndMix}_{italicct} = \sum_{i} S_{italiccit - 1} {NG}_{italicit - 1, t},

where

S_{italiccit - 1}

stands for the share of industry i in county c in period t − 1 and

{NG}_{italicit - 1, t}

is the national growth rate of industry i between years t − 1 and t .…”

Section: Empirical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the most productive regions necessarily the most successful? Local effects of productivity growth on employment and earnings

Partridge

Tsvetkova

Betz

2020

Journal of Regional Science

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Economists typically celebrate productivity growth as the chief way to improve living standards. They also advocate that particular cities and regions strive to be as productive as possible to attract business and increase employment. However, while productivity growth may reduce costs, improve quality, or lead to innovation and new products, if demand is insufficiently elastic, labor demand may decrease, reducing employment in that location. In other words, places experiencing the most productivity growth may face some unintended consequences, such as weakening of local labor markets. In this paper, we study countylevel effects of productivity growth and productivity levels in the computer and electronic product manufacturing industry (NAICS334), the goods sector (excluding NAICS334) and in the services sector on total employment growth, employment growth in major sectors, income and earnings growth. The results suggest that productivity growth generally suppresses job growth but has boosting effects on earnings and, to a lesser degree, on percapita income, although there is considerable variation across geographies and specific outcomes.

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“…and the increasingly reduced costs associated with the transportation of goods, logistics, and accounting, it would be plausible to assume that individuals who wish to pursue their entrepreneurial aspirations could do so without the need to live in a major city [26,37,40]. Evidence from the United States suggests that growth in rural self-employment is fostered by the relative proximity of rural areas to smaller metropolitan areas, but generally hampered by their proximity to larger metropolitan areas [41]. Rural areas in the UK have seen, in recent years, the restructuring of traditional rural industries and the development of local community enterprises, as well as rural small and medium enterprises (SMEs) [40,42].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Rural and Urban Areas on Time Allocated to Self-Employment: Differences between Men and Women

2020

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This study investigates the association of the rural–urban divide and the time individuals allocate to self-employment. The empirical analysis uses fixed effects modelling on data from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey over the period 2009–2019. The study identifies significant differences in the time men and women allocate to self-employment between rural and urban areas according to their career age group. While men and women tend to allocate more time to selfemployment in their senior career age when residents of urban areas, the time they allocate to self-employment between rural and urban areas in early- and mid-career age differs markedly. More importantly, we find that significant differences exist not only between residents of rural and urban areas, but also between residents of these areas and in-migrants to these areas. We find a significant positive effect on the time senior career age women who migrate to rural areas allocate to self-employment. In contrast, we find that early career men who move from rural to urban areas allocate significantly more time to self-employment. The results reveal the existence of complex dynamics between gender and age, which affect the allocation of time to self-employment between rural and urban areas.

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Entrepreneurial and Employment Responses to Economic Conditions across the Rural-Urban Continuum

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes over the Past Century

Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes over the Past Century

Are the most productive regions necessarily the most successful? Local effects of productivity growth on employment and earnings

The Effects of Rural and Urban Areas on Time Allocated to Self-Employment: Differences between Men and Women

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