Entrapping Immobilisation of Lipase on Biocomposite Hydrogels toward for Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Acid Oil

Abstract

A new application of biocomposite hydrogels named gelatin-alginate (GA) and pectin alginate (PA) enables the use of the hydrogels as carriers for lipase entrapment during biodiesel production. Waste frying acid oil (WFAO), a raw material, was converted to biodiesel via an esterification reaction catalysed by two different immobilised biocatalysts: gelatin-alginate lipase (GAL) and pectin-alginate lipase (PAL). The highest immobilisation yield of GAL and PAL beads was achieved at 97.61% and 98.30%, respectively. Both of them gave biodiesel yields in the range of 75–78.33%. Furthermore, capability and reusability of biocatalysts were improved such that they could be reused up to 7 cycles. Moreover, the predicted biodiesel properties met the European biodiesel standard (EN14214). Interestingly, entrapped lipase on composite hydrogels can be used as an alternative catalyst choice for replacing the chemical catalyst during the biodiesel production.

Antioxidant-biocompatible and stable catalase-based gelatin–alginate hydrogel scaffold with thermal wound healing capability: immobilization and delivery approach

“…1 ). Gel–Alg and CAT–Gel–Alg reached a maximum absorption value of 660% and 674%, respectively, after 3 h. Similarly, Muanruksa et al ( 2020 ) reported that the prepared alginate hydrogel absorbed a greater amount of water, as the retention time increased till an equilibrium status was reached (3 h). These results are an indication of the ability of the hydrogel to prevent the accumulation of wound fluid by absorbing the exudates for effective wound dressing.…”

Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes

“…Different hybrid supports based on pectin were described for enzyme encapsulation, such as a pectin/alginate [ 92 , 93 , 94 ], pectin/poly-vinyl alcohol [ 95 ], pectin/chitosan [ 96 ], carrageenan/pectin [ 75 ], and pectin/pine fiber [ 97 ]. The pectin combination with other polymers improves some key properties, such as mechanical and thermal resistances.…”

Conversion of waste cooking oil by rhodococcal lipase immobilized in gellan gum

“…Microbial lipase is also important because it is easy to ferment and purify and thus presents itself as one of the most common sources for biodiesel production through transesterification [4]. However, the utilization of free lipase may carry some disadvantages such as high cost, low stability and long reaction time [5]. Therefore, lipase immobilisation on suitable support is the key parameter to achieve enhanced stability, reusability, easy product separation and recovery, reduced cost for lipase production and improved control of reactions [6].…”

“…Among the four immobilization techniques namely entrapment, physical adsorption, covalent binding and cross-linking, the entrapment technique emerged as the most beneficial approach since this technique is straightforward, requires low cost of operation, can be performed under mild reaction conditions, high recovery of activity and allows effortless diffusion of substrates through the immobilization matrix pore [5]. In addition, the entrapment technique does not use physical force and chemical reaction and by this means supports stable enzyme conformation for a longer period of time [5]. The utilization of hydrogels in particular to immobilize the enzyme offers many benefits such as the ability to absorb water and swell readily without dissolving and sustaining the three-dimensional structure of enzyme [5].…”

“…In addition, the entrapment technique does not use physical force and chemical reaction and by this means supports stable enzyme conformation for a longer period of time [5]. The utilization of hydrogels in particular to immobilize the enzyme offers many benefits such as the ability to absorb water and swell readily without dissolving and sustaining the three-dimensional structure of enzyme [5].…”