Entrapment of Water Droplets in Wax Deposits from Water-in-Oil Dispersion and Its Impact on Deposit Build-up

Zheng, Sheng; Khrutphisit, Thanaphoom; Fogler, H. Scott

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02450

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…If the size of the surface of droplets was larger to some extent compared with these crystals, effective adsorption would be provided . The size of droplets that can be incorporated in the deposition was usually smaller than ∼100 μm, which was claimed by Zhang et al The coarse droplets were hardly dispersed in deposition than fine emulsified droplets. Combined with our research, the maximum diameter of droplets detected from the deposition was 115 μm, demonstrating that the diameter of droplets incorporated into deposition is consistent with former research.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The correlation between water content in deposition and water content in emulsion was studied using different apparatuses, cold finger ,, and flow loop, ,, and plotted in the figure with different explanations. Regarding the fact that no obvious relation for both water contents was acquired from experimental results, physical attachment of water droplets to the deposition surface gave rise to the presence of water droplets in deposition, as provided by Kasumu and Mehrotra. , Furthermore, Bruno et al suggested that the water content in deposition is lower than that in the bulk and it increased with the growth of water cut in the bulk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the exploration of off-shore oil fields and the construction of the subsea pipelines, wax deposition of multiphase flow becomes an unavoidable problem for the production of the petroleum industry. − The buildup of wax deposition in the inner surface of subsea pipelines causes the reduction of cross-area, which is available for fluid transportation, and an increase in the risk of blockage of process equipment . Wax molecular diffusion is regarded as the mechanism for wax deposition. − In addition, many research studies in recent years have focused on the investigation of water appearance in wax deposition as the presence of water in deposition changes the properties and rheology of deposition, , which further influences the heat and mass transfer during deposition as well as the thickness of deposition. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Wax molecular diffusion is regarded as the mechanism for wax deposition. 6−8 In addition, many research studies in recent years have focused on the investigation of water appearance in wax deposition as the presence of water in deposition changes the properties and rheology of deposition, 9,10 which further influences the heat and mass transfer during deposition 11 as well as the thickness of deposition. 4,12,13 The water content in wax deposition is a key factor that affects the wax deposition process of emulsion.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation of Entrapped Water Droplets in Wax Deposition from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Considering Wax Crystals Adsorption at the Oil–Water Interface

Wang

et al. 2019

Energy Fuels

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The presence of water in wax deposition from water-in-oil emulsion for petroleum transportation in pipelines has received much attention in recent years. This study investigated the formation of wax deposition with water droplets, considering interfacial adsorption by wax crystals. The prepared 20 vol % water-in-oil emulsion was used for the wax deposition experiment with an analysis of deposition mass/thickness and water volume fraction in deposition, determining that the water content in deposition during the whole deposition duration was constant and equaled to the water content in emulsion. Moreover, a polarizing microscope was employed to observe the microstructure of wax deposition, revealing that some water droplets were covered with wax crystals due to interfacial adsorption, while some droplets were enclosed by the network of wax crystals. Depending on these findings, two kinds of entrapment of water droplets in deposition were proposed. One contained the formation and growth of a crystal network accompanied with these wax-covered water droplets themselves; another one indicated that water droplets were surrounded by a crystal network, resulting in the movement of these droplets being limited and therefore the droplets settling in deposition. Furthermore, a comparison of the distribution of water droplets in deposition using a microscope and that in emulsion by focused-beam reflectance measurement was presented. It was observed that these small droplets were more likely to be incorporated into deposition in contrast with these large ones. The largest size measured for an entrapped water droplet was 115 μm, which was in accordance with the previous research claiming that the general diameter of water droplets incorporated into deposition was no more than ∼100 μm. Interfacial adsorption of wax crystals provides an additional insight to investigate water droplets in wax deposition.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Experimental Investigation of Entrapped Water Droplets in Wax Deposition from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Considering Wax Crystals Adsorption at the Oil–Water Interface

Wang

et al. 2019

Energy Fuels

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“…Dispersion is a mixing process caused by the wind waves; this process would cause a liter of dyed water instantaneously released in the ocean to expand and eventually dissipate. [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] The dispersion occurs in both horizontal and vertical directions. Due to different hydrodynamic processes in each plane, a separate discussion on this topic is necessary.…”

Section: Oil Weathering Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role for Newly Developed Sorbents in Remediating Large‐Scale Oil Spills: Reviewing Recent Advances and Beyond

Kim

Zhang

Chung

et al. 2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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The conservation of ocean and freshwater have been crucial issues over the past decades, and oil/water separation is a well‐known technology to restore polluted water systems. In the meantime, oil sorbents serve as a promising means of achieving water conservation to recover from oil spills, which require a multi‐factorial approach to review high selectivity, capacity, and rate of oil recovery. However, reusability is a critical component to consider in incidents with large‐scale spills. With the development of sorbent technology, some studies have progressed to explore surface engineering and material design for high oil sorption capacity and durability. Thus, this systemic review, a summary of sorbent developments, serves as a guide to understanding practical applications that can apply to large‐scale oil spills and recognize remaining issues. In this review, the oil weathering process and oil sorption mechanisms in relation to the characteristics of target pollutants are introduced. Then, this comprehensive review focuses on materials in advanced sorbents. These materials have properties including, aligned channels for fast sorption, self‐heating capabilities for viscous oil cleanup, and magnetic‐responsiveness to enhance a collection of final products. The perspective and challenges for the next generation of oil spills remediation technology‐based oil sorbents materials are finally presented in the last section.

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An aging theory‐based mathematic model for estimating the wax content of wax deposits using the Fick's second law

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2019

AIChE Journal

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In this study, a mathematic model is proposed for estimating the wax content of wax deposits. The proposed model was built based on the diffusion of wax molecules and counter‐diffusion of oil molecules and described using the Fick's second law, allowing for the stacking fraction and orientational order of precipitated wax crystals and the tortuosity of diffusion path of de‐waxed oil molecules during the counter‐diffusion. The calculated results were verified by comparing with the flow‐loop wax deposition experimental results. Dependence of radial position, deposition duration, bulk temperature, and wall temperature were investigated. These factors significantly affected the wax content during wax deposition. Good agreements were observed between the predictions and experimental results. The variation trends of wax content affected by various aspects are consistent with the existing studies.

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Entrapment of Water Droplets in Wax Deposits from Water-in-Oil Dispersion and Its Impact on Deposit Build-up

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Experimental Investigation of Entrapped Water Droplets in Wax Deposition from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Considering Wax Crystals Adsorption at the Oil–Water Interface

Experimental Investigation of Entrapped Water Droplets in Wax Deposition from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Considering Wax Crystals Adsorption at the Oil–Water Interface

A Role for Newly Developed Sorbents in Remediating Large‐Scale Oil Spills: Reviewing Recent Advances and Beyond

An aging theory‐based mathematic model for estimating the wax content of wax deposits using the Fick's second law

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