Entorno urbano de alcohol: un estudio sobre disponibilidad, promoción y visibilidad del consumo en barrios de Barcelona

Abstract

Introduction. This paper describes the presence of alcohol in the public space, assessing establishments that offer it, its advertising, and signs of consumption, as factors that may influence its consumption.Method. Descriptive observational study based on cluster sampling with two-step selection. Results are described, and the spatial association between variables is assessed.Results. In the 20 census tracts studied, 306 premises were identified that offered alcoholic beverages: 204 were on-premises and 102 were off-premises, mainly supermarkets and food retail stores. Their spatial distribution was uneven, concentrated in two central districts. We identified 72 publicity items, mostly sponsorship of musical events.There were many promotional items linked to on-premises, especially in their terraces. Five people were detected promoting consumption or selling alcohol in the Old Town. In each time slot, between 39 and 51 signs of consumption on the public space were observed (mostly abandoned beer cans), more frequent at night and in the Old Town.There is an association between the presence of establishments that offer alcohol and advertising. There is no relationship between these variables and signs of consumption in the public space; these are concentrated in the Old Town, which has greater presence of tourism.Conclusions. The urban environment is characterized by elements that stimulate alcohol use and its distribution is uneven, with a strong influence of tourism-related activities. Further regulation of alcohol promotion, availability and consumption in the public space may change its social image and decrease its use.Keywords: Alcoholic beverages; Public policy; Evaluation; Observation;Social environment.Introducción. Se describe la presencia de alcohol en el espacio público, valorando los establecimientos que lo ofrecen, la publicidad, y los indicios de consumo, como factores que pueden inducir el consumo.Método. Estudio observacional descriptivo basado en un muestreo por conglomerados con selección bietápica. Se describen los resultados, y se valora la asociación espacial entre variables. Hay una asociación entre la presencia de establecimientos que ofrecen alcohol y la de elementos de publicidad. No se aprecia relación entre estas variables y los indicios de consumo en el espacio público; éstos se concentran en el casco antiguo, con mayor presencia del turismo. Resultados. En lasConclusiones. El medio urbano se caracteriza por elementos que estimulan el consumo de alcohol y su distribución es desigual, muy influida por las actividades orientadas al turismo. Mejorar la regulación de su promoción, disponibilidad y consumo en el espacio público puede contribuir a cambiar su imagen social y disminuir su uso.Palabras clave: Bebidas alcohólicas; Política pública; Evaluación;Observación; Entorno social. Entorno urbano de alcohol: un estudio sobre disponibilidad, promoción y visibilidad del consumo en barrios de BarcelonaThe urban environment of alcohol: a study on the availability, promotion and visibility of...

Assessing the association between tourism and the alcohol urban environment in Barcelona: a cross-sectional study

“… 25 It is remarkable that the densities derived in 2015 for the pilot study covering only 20 census tracks but with observations in the morning, afternoon and night periods were fairly close to these estimates. 15 Although we chose to perform the fieldwork on weekdays between 16:00 and 20:00 to ensure that most on-premises and off-premises sales outlets would be open during data collection, some pubs and nightclubs were closed at the time of the observation. Even though we included all the premises regardless of whether they were open or closed, if some premises had no visible external signs while closed we may had some underestimation results, and this is a limitation of the study.…”

“…Four trained observers completed the observations in the 170 selected tracts, randomly distributed among observers and observation days. As a previous study observed only minor differences between mornings and evenings, 15 data were collected in working days, 16:00-20:00. Although the reliability of OHCITIES has been validated previously, in order to detect whether there were significant differences in data collection between observers and seasons, we performed repeated observations in 37 census tracts (13 in different seasons, 7 with different observers, and 17 with both different observers and seasons) and found no significant differences (data not shown).…”

“…Some studies have shown a relationship between the density of elements related to alcohol availability and promotion in the urban environment and the socioeconomic level of the area. [9][10][11][12][13] Other studies suggest that tourism pressure could also have an effect on the distribution of alcohol-related elements [14][15][16] Strengths and limitations of this study ► This is the first major study to examine the association between tourism pressure and urban environment elements related to alcohol, availability and advertising or promotion. ► We characterised the alcohol urban environment of a compact city in Southern Europe in a representative sample of census tracts using a validated measuring tool.…”

Atención visual hacia el etiquetado de bebidas alcohólicas: un estudio exploratorio basado en eye-tracking

“…Como el primer estudio que examina el etiquetado de las bebidas alcohólicas en España, los resultados sugieren que las etiquetas actuales (pequeñas y con solo texto) pasan relativamente desapercibidas por los consumidores. Investigaciones previas han mostrado que el entorno urbano de Cataluña promueve el consumo de alcohol al estar caracterizado por su alta disponibilidad, por lo que serían necesario mejoras en la legislación que pudieran permitir cambiar su imagen social (Villalbi et al, 2019). Esto es particularmente importante dado los fracasos por conseguir acuerdos volun-tarios con la industria del alcohol y la recomendación de mayor legislación sobre el etiquetado de bebidas alcohólicas (European Union Committee, 2015).…”

Disponibilidad y promoción de alcohol según la tipología de los locales y las condiciones socioeconómicas del área

“…La densidad media de locales de venta y/o consumo de alcohol en Madrid (56,17 locales por 10 000 habitantes) fue más elevada que la densidad de otros lugares como Escocia, Reino Unido (Shortt et al, 2015), Victoria, Australia (Livingston, 2012) o Tallin, Estonia (Orro, Martens, Lepane, Josing y Reinman, 2017). No obstante, fue más baja que la densidad de locales de venta y/o consumo de alcohol identificados en un estudio en la ciudad de Barcelona (España) que usó el mismo instrumento que este estudio (Villalbí et al, 2019).…”