Entomopathogenic Fungi

Butt, Tariq M.; Coates, Christopher J.; Dubovskiy, Ivan M.; Ratcliffe, Norman A.

doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.006

Cited by 293 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 296 publications

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“…There are many virulence factors that influence fungal pathogenicity in insect hosts [15]. The potency of these virulence determinants is dependent upon pathogen specificity and correct orchestration of virulence genes by a complex signalling apparatus [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potency of these virulence determinants is dependent upon pathogen specificity and correct orchestration of virulence genes by a complex signalling apparatus [15]. Adhesins and other adhesion molecules are key pathogenicity determinants since firm adhesion of spores to the host surface is an attribute of virulent fungal strains [16–18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insect cells are able to protect themselves against fungal infection through the activation of detoxifying systems [15]. Insects utilize reactive oxygen species (ROS) as cytotoxic agents against pathogens, however ROS can cause oxidative stress to both the fungal pathogen and host, leading to DNA and protein damage [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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“…First, EPF infection can occur by cuticle penetration, thereby already initiating the infestation from outside of the insects’ midgut [81]. Second, from industrial perspectives, EPFs are relatively easy to isolate from the field and to massively produce on artificial media, especially for the hyphomycetes, including Metharizium spp.…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Control beneath the Feet: A Review of Crop Protection against Insect Root Herbivores

Kergunteuil

Bakhtiari

Formenti

et al. 2016

Insects

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Sustainable agriculture is certainly one of the most important challenges at present, considering both human population demography and evidence showing that crop productivity based on chemical control is plateauing. While the environmental and health threats of conventional agriculture are increasing, ecological research is offering promising solutions for crop protection against herbivore pests. While most research has focused on aboveground systems, several major crop pests are uniquely feeding on roots. We here aim at documenting the current and potential use of several biological control agents, including micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and invertebrates included among the macrofauna of soils (arthropods and annelids) that are used against root herbivores. In addition, we discuss the synergistic action of different bio-control agents when co-inoculated in soil and how the induction and priming of plant chemical defense could be synergized with the use of the bio-control agents described above to optimize root pest control. Finally, we highlight the gaps in the research for optimizing a more sustainable management of root pests.

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“…The most important humoral defense includes phenoloxidase (PO), which synthesizes melanin, inhibiting fungal growth . The cellular immune response is mediated by hemocytes, which encapsulate the pathogens . Detoxification enzymes [nonspecific esterases (EST), glutathione‐ S ‐transferases (GST) and monooxygenases] participate in the defense of insects against different toxins, including those that are forming under fungal pathogeneses .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fluorine‐containing usnic acid and fungus Beauveria bassiana on the survival and immune–physiological reactions of Colorado potato beetle larvae

Kryukov

Tomilova

Luzina

et al. 2017

Pest Management Science

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Entomopathogenic Fungi

Cited by 293 publications

References 296 publications

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Biological Control beneath the Feet: A Review of Crop Protection against Insect Root Herbivores

Effects of fluorine‐containing usnic acid and fungus Beauveria bassiana on the survival and immune–physiological reactions of Colorado potato beetle larvae

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