A multicomponent mole-fraction-based thermodynamic
model is used to represent aqueous phase activities,
equilibrium partial pressures (of H2O, HNO3,
and NH3), and saturation with respect to solid phases
(H2SO4
and HNO3 hydrates,
(NH4)2SO4(cr),
(NH4)3H(SO4)2(cr),
NH4HSO4(cr),
(NH4)2SO4·2NH4NO3(cr),
(NH4)2SO4·3NH4NO3(cr), and
NH4HSO4·NH4NO3
(cr))
in the system
H+−NH4
+−SO4
2-−NO3
-−H2O.
The model is valid from
328 to <200 K, dependent upon liquid-phase composition.
Parameters for
H2SO4−H2O,
HNO3−H2O, and
(NH4)2SO4−H2O
interactions were adopted from previous studies, and values for
NH4NO3−H2O
obtained
from vapor pressures (including data for supersaturated solutions),
enthalpies, and heat capacities. Parameters
for ternary interactions were determined from extensive literature data
for salt solubilities, electromotive forces
(emfs), and vapor pressures with an emphasis upon measurements of
supersaturated
H2SO4−(NH4)2SO4−H2O solutions. Comparisons suggest that the model
satisfactorily represents partial pressures of both
NH3
and H2SO4 above acidic sulfate mixtures in
addition to that of HNO3, and salt solubilities and water
activities.