Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland

Summary Viruses are believed to be a significant cause of recreationally associated water‐borne disease. However, they have been difficult to document because of the wide variety of illnesses that they cause and the limitations in previous detection methods. Noroviruses are believed to be the single largest cause of outbreaks, which have been documented in the published literature 45% (n = 25), followed by adenovirus (24%), echovirus (18%), hepatitis A virus (7%) and coxsackieviruses (5%). Just under half of the outbreaks occurred in swimming pools (49%), while the second largest outbreak occurred in lakes or ponds (40%). The number of reported outbreaks associated with noroviruses has increased significantly in recent years probably because of better methods for virus detection. Inadequate disinfection was related to 69% (n = 18) of swimming pool outbreaks. A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water‐borne recreational disease outbreaks.

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“…1993), Blackpool Beach, UK (Alexander et al. 1992), Northern Ireland (16 sites) (Hughes et al. 1992), Ontario, Canada (Seyfried et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review

Sinclair¹,

Jones²,

Gerba³

2009

Journal of Applied Microbiology

303

221

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“…Identification of 52 CVB isolates from clinical specimens submitted to the Regional Virus Laboratory, Belfast, during the same period showed the presence of the same four CV;B serotypes in the community [3] with CVB4 constituting 25% of the identified isolates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Group B coxsackieviruses have been isolated from faeces, rectal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid and nasal secretions [2] and have been found in sewage and in sewage-contaminated water. A study of the aquatic environment of Northern Ireland (NI) for the presence of human enteroviruses in relation to public health in 1986-90, revealed the presence of CVB serotypes [2][3][4][5] [3]. CVB4 was the most commonly isolated serotype and represented 39% of 534 enterovirus isolates identified and 515 % of 406 CVB isolates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A nucleotide sequence comparison of coxsackievirus B4 isolates from aquatic samples and clinical specimens

Hughes¹,

Hoey

Coyle

1993

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Ten coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Northern Ireland in 1985-7, were compared at the nucleotide sequence level. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragment, spanning the VP1/P2A genomic region, classified the isolates into two distinct groups or genotypes as defined by Rico-Hesse and colleagues for poliovirus type 1. Isolates within each group shared approximately 99% sequence identity at the nucleotide level whereas < or = 86% sequence identity was shared between groups. One isolate derived from a clinical specimen in 1987 was grouped with six CVB4 isolates recovered from the aquatic environment in 1986-7. The second group comprised CVB4 isolates from clinical specimens in 1985-6. Both groups were different at the nucleotide level from the prototype strain isolated in 1950. It was concluded that the method could be used to sub-type CVB4 isolates and would be of value in epidemiological studies of CVB4. Predicted amino acid sequences revealed non-conservation of the tyrosine residue at the VP1/P2A cleavage site but were of little value in distinguishing CVB4 variants.

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“…Coxsackievirus B serotypes 1–6 have all been detected in water, although B3, B4 and B5 are the most frequently identified (references as for poliovirus, and Hughes et al . 1992).…”

Section: Enteric Viruses In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coxsackievirus B serotypes 1±6 have all been detected in water, although B3, B4 and B5 are the most frequently identi®ed (references as for poliovirus, and Hughes et al 1992). The predominant serotype has been shown to change over time and to re¯ect the serotype most frequently found in clinical material.…”

Section: Enterovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%