Enteric viruses in the aquatic environment

Wyn-Jones, A. P.; Sellwood, Jane

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01470.x

Cited by 130 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…To test these hypotheses, this study integrates pond concentrations of fecal bacteria and viral pathogens with detailed spatial data from the same village. The novelty of this study is: 1) both E. coli and total Bacteroidales were compared as fecal indicators; 2) host animal specific Bacteroidales quantitative PCR assays were used to identify samples impacted by human or livestock fecal waste (Bernhard and Field, 2000; Layton et al, 2006; Lee et al, 2008); and 3) human adenovirus, representing both a human pathogen and a human fecal indicator, was analyzed (Castignolles et al 1998; Wyn-Jones and Sellwood, 2001; Jiang, 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh

Knappett

Escamilla

Layton

et al. 2011

Science of The Total Environment

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A majority of households in Bangladesh rely on pond water for hygiene. Exposure to pond water fecal contamination could therefore still contribute to diarrheal disease despite the installation of numerous tubewells for drinking. The objectives of this study are to determine the predominant sources (human or livestock) of fecal pollution in ponds and examine the association between local population, latrine density, latrine quality and concentrations of fecal bacteria and pathogens in pond water. Forty-three ponds were analyzed for E. coli using culture-based methods and E. coli, Bacteroidales and adenovirus using quantitative PCR. Population and sanitation spatial data were collected and measured against pond fecal contamination. Humans were the dominant source of fecal contamination in 79% of the ponds according to Bacteroidales measurements. Ponds directly receiving latrine effluent had the highest concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (up to 106 Most Probable Number (MPN) of culturable E. coli per 100 mL). Concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria correlated with population surveyed within a distance of 30-70 m (p<0.05) and total latrines surveyed within 50-70 m (p<0.05). Unsanitary latrines (visible effluent or open pits) within the pond drainage basin were also significantly correlated to fecal indicator concentrations (p<0.05). Water in the vast majority of the surveyed ponds contained unsafe levels of fecal contamination attributable primarily to unsanitary latrines, and to lesser extent to sanitary latrines and cattle. Since the majority of fecal pollution is derived from human waste, continued use of pond water could help explain the persistence of diarrheal disease in rural South Asia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh

Knappett

Escamilla

Layton

et al. 2011

Science of The Total Environment

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“…O f all waterborne microbes that can cause pathogenic diseases, viruses remain the most challenging for study in aquatic environments (1)(2)(3)(4). This is for several reasons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Romero‐Maraccini

Shisler

Nguyen

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of five, is often resistant to conventional wastewater treatment and thus can remain infectious once released into the aquatic environment. Solar and heat treatments can inactivate rotavirus, but it is unknown how these treatments inactivate the virus on a molecular level. To answer this question, our approach was to correlate rotavirus inactivation with the inhibition of portions of the virus life cycle as a means to identify the mechanisms of solar or heat inactivation. Specifically, the integrity of the rotavirus NSP3 gene, virus-host cell interaction, and viral RNA synthesis were examined after heat (57°C) or solar treatment of rotavirus. Only the inhibition of viral RNA synthesis positively correlated with a loss of rotavirus infectivity; 57°C treatment of rotavirus resulted in a decrease of rotavirus RNA synthesis at the same rate as rotavirus infectivity. These data suggest that heat treatment neutralized rotaviruses primarily by targeting viral transcription functions. In contrast, when using solar disinfection, the decrease in RNA synthesis was responsible for approximately one-half of the decrease in infectivity, suggesting that other mechanisms, including posttranslational, contribute to inactivation. Nevertheless, both solar and heat inactivation of rotaviruses disrupted viral RNA synthesis as a mechanism for inactivation.O f all waterborne microbes that can cause pathogenic diseases, viruses remain the most challenging for study in aquatic environments (1-4). This is for several reasons. First, compared to bacterial pathogens, viruses are more resistant to disinfection by standard water disinfection treatments (2, 5, 6). Second, for those conditions that do indeed neutralize viruses, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for inactivation is unclear (7,8). Third, it is only recently that technologies such as quantitative PCR (qPCR) and deep genome sequencing have allowed for the detection of viral genomes in water samples (1, 4, 9, 10).Enteric viruses include rotavirus, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, and norovirus (4). Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalizations for children under 5 years of age and is responsible for the deaths of an estimated 453,000 children each year (11). Despite this impact on human health, little is known as to what conditions result in the best disinfection of rotavirus in wastewater and drinking water. In addition, it is unclear how a disinfectant functions on a molecular level to inactivate rotavirus.Rotavirus is a nonenveloped virus with a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome. Six structural proteins make up the capsid, including VP4 and VP7. For rotavirus to attach to its host cell, VP4 binds to the host cell receptors, and after a multistep process involving the VP4, VP7, and other cellular proteins, rotavirus enters the host cell through endocytosis. Upon penetration, rotavirus loses its outer capsid (VP7 and VP4), and the double-layered particle is transported to the cell cytopl...

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“…Since NoV cannot be cultivated, the application of sensitive molecular biological techniques, in particular, PCR, has been essential. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) is highly sensitive, specific, and costeffective and has provided valuable information for risk assessment purposes (34,35). A fully standardized PCR method is now available for detection of NoV in shellfish (36,37).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A fully standardized PCR method is now available for detection of NoV in shellfish (36,37). The application of such methods has provided a wealth of information about the environmental fate and distribution of NoV which would not otherwise have been available (34,35). However, challenges remain, particularly concerning the assessment of the viability of detected virus, the application of such methods to less-well-characterized environmental matrices such as seawater, sewage, and sediments, and the potential presence in samples of substances inhibitory to the PCR which can affect sensitivity and quantitation (38).…”

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confidence: 99%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos

Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.

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Enteric viruses in the aquatic environment

Cited by 130 publications

References 151 publications

Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh

Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh

Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

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