Enterobacter sakazakii: Infectivity and Enterotoxin Production In Vitro and In Vivo

Pagotto, Franco; Nazarowec-White, M.; Bidawid, Sabah; Farber, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.370

Cited by 163 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The function of this toxin may act in a parallel fashion to lipopolysaccaride (LPS), mediating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and stimulating a host inflammatory response. 74 However, later it was Raghav and Aggarwal 75 who identified a thermostable putative toxin with molecular mass of 66 kDa. The potent activity of the toxin (LD 50 D 56 pg) emphasizes the emerging risk to neonates fed reconstituted PIF contaminated with C. sakazakii.…”

Section: Enterotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pagotto et al 74 were the first to study the dose-response of C. sakazakii in suckling mouse and reported a minimum lethal dose of 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu) in neonatal mouse suggesting the possibility of enterotoxin analog in infections. The function of this toxin may act in a parallel fashion to lipopolysaccaride (LPS), mediating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and stimulating a host inflammatory response.…”

Section: Enterotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…93 Other potential factors Among the minor but important virulent factors, the proteolytic enzymes of Cronobacter strains have been found to cause deformation of the tissue cells in mice. 74 Kothary et al 94 isolated and characterized a cell-bound zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by a nucleotide sequence (zpx), unique among all the 135 Cronobacter strains tested. The protease was active in against azocasein, caused rounding of Chinese's hamster ovarian cells.…”

Section: Biofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity ofCronobacter sakazakii

2015

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Section: Enterotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enterotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biofilm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity ofCronobacter sakazakii

2015

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“…One of the first attempts to understand the pathogenicity of Cronobacter was the work of Pagotto et al (2003), who investigated enterotoxin production among different Cronobacter strains using the suckling mice assay. To date, a number reports have been published on the putative virulence factors, such as toxin production, adhesion and invasion, adaptation to stress factors, presence of virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance.…”

Section: Pathogenicity and Virulence Of Cronobactermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the bestcharacterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-a and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.

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“…C. sakazakii (8 cfu per 100 g) from PIF in association with an outbreak in Memphis, Tennessee 69 . C. sakazakii from 5 different lot numbers of unopened packages of PIF after an outbreak of neonatal meningitis in Iceland 46 . A Canadian survey that investigated the incidence of C. sakazakii in PIF isolated the organism from 8 of 120 cans from 5 different manufacturers 18 .…”

Section: Mode Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Fakruddin¹,

Rahaman²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2013

Int J of Biomed & Adv Res

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Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging pathogen that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis. This bacterium is opportunistic pathogen and is linked with life-threatening infections in neonates and elderly persons. It is considered as ubiquitous organism and can be found in a broad range of foods & food ingredients and in water, in a variety of areas, including hospitals and houses though outbreaks most commonly associated with the ingestion of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods has ranked C. sakazakii a “severe hazard for restricted populations.” It poses high tolerance to environmental stresses such as osmotic stress, elevated temperature etc. and decontamination processes and has broad antibiotic resistance and resistance to bile salts and disinfectants. Cronobacter sakazakii may survive in macrophage cells and efficiently attach to and invade epithelial cell lines, produce exopolysaccharide, form biofilm and has active efflux pumps. Controlling the organism in the production environment, thereby reducing dissemination, necessitates the provision of suitable diagnostic tools. Appropriate measures by parents, food and infant formula manufacturers, and health care providers, as well as understanding of the pathogenesis, are important in the prevention of C. sakazakii-related infections.

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Enterobacter sakazakii: Infectivity and Enterotoxin Production In Vitro and In Vivo

Cited by 163 publications

References 23 publications

Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity ofCronobacter sakazakii

Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity ofCronobacter sakazakii

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

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