Enteritis and Colitis in Horses

Feary, Darien J.; Hassel, Diana M.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.008

Cited by 79 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…excessive stimulation of immune system in equine diseases associated with bacterial infection (e.g., colitis and sepsis in foals) (23,52). Monocytes, in contrast, are recruited later to sites of infection and play an important role in producing mediators that help restrict the spread of microorganisms and promote removal of cellular debris.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disparities in TLR5 Expression and Responsiveness to Flagellin in Equine Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes

Kwon

Gewirtz

Hurley

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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As sentinel cells of the innate immune system, neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes use specific TLRs to recognize the conserved molecular patterns that characterize microbes. This study was performed to compare the responses of equine neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes to LPS and flagellin, components of bacteria that are recognized by TLR4 and TLR5, respectively. Neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes isolated from healthy horses were incubated in vitro with LPS, flagellin, or pronase-inactivated flagellin in the presence or absence of polymyxin B. Production of reactive oxygen species and expression of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines were used as readouts for activation of neutrophils; production of TNF-α was used for the mononuclear cells. Western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to detect TLR5 protein in both cell types. Although the neutrophils responded to both LPS and flagellin by producing reactive oxygen species and expressing mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines, flagellin had no stimulatory effect on monocytes or macrophages. Although both neutrophils and monocytes expressed mRNA for TLR5, it appeared to be translated into protein only by the neutrophils. Incubation with neither LPS nor IFN-γ altered TLR5 expression by the monocytes. These findings indicate that flagellin has disparate effects on neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes isolated from horses, a species that is exquisitely sensitive to the TLR4 ligand, LPS, and that equine mononuclear phagocytes, unlike corresponding cells of other mammalian species, lack surface expression of TLR5 and do not respond to flagellin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to their similar levels of sensitivity to LPS, humans and horses develop severe, life-threatening diarrhea in response to infection with Salmonella organisms (17,23). These flagellated bacteria invade intestinal epithelial cells, where they interact with mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes) and neutrophils (24,25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in TLR5 Expression and Responsiveness to Flagellin in Equine Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes

Kwon

Gewirtz

Hurley

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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“…The etiology is often undetermined and could be multifactorial; however, infectious agents, particularly bacteria such as Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens could play important roles 1. Preventive measures are currently limited and novel approaches are needed 2. Probiotics have received increasing interest in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat enteric disease 3, 4, 5.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of a Probiotic on Prevention of Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens Shedding in Foals

Schoster

Staempfli

Abrahams

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundUp to 60% of foals develop diarrhea within 6 months after birth. Preventive measures are limited but potentially probiotics could be used.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a newly designed probiotic on the incidence of foal diarrhea in a randomized field trial.AnimalsSeventy‐two healthy neonatal foals.MethodsRandomized, placebo‐controlled field trial. Foals were administered a placebo or probiotic for 3 weeks and monitored for an additional week. A total of 3 fecal samples were taken from each foal at biweekly intervals. Statistical modeling was applied for comparison of incidence and duration of diarrhea and fecal shedding of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile between treatment and age groups.ResultsThe overall incidence of diarrhea was 41 of 72 (59%) and did not differ (P = 0.37) between treatment groups. Foals treated with probiotics were more likely to develop diarrhea requiring veterinary intervention (P = 0.007). Age had a significant effect on incidence of diarrhea (P < 0.001); foals 8–15 days old having the highest probability of developing diarrhea. Duration of diarrhea and soft feces were not significantly different between groups. The prevalence of C. perfringens shedding was 55% with no difference between treatment groups (P = 0.23). The prevalence of C. difficile shedding was 11%.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThere was no benefit of administering a 3‐week course of probiotics, but potential adverse effects were noted. Whether the probiotics lacked a clinical effect, or the choice of strains or dose was inadequate, is unknown. Clostridial shedding was not influenced by probiotics despite in vitro activity of probiotics.

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“…There are several investigations handling this problem and confi rming this result [17,18], but some studies have reported that older horses have a higher risk of dying from acute colitis [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An early recognition in connection with an aggressive correction of the dehydratation and the acid base status are crucial for a successful treatment. It is a common view that despite intensive therapy lethality is very high in horses with acute colitis, so further intensive research in the range of an early diagnosis and a therapy of such illnesses is necessary [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and Evaluation of Clinical and Laboratory Variables as Prognostic Indicators in Horses Hospitilized with Acute Diarrhea: 342 Cases (1995-2015)

Kovač́

Huskamp²,

Scheidemann³

et al. 2017

Acta Veterinaria

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A retrospective study was performed on 342 horses with acute diarrhea (equine colitis). Clinical and laboratory data were obtained upon arrival at the equine hospital. The main focus of this study was to fi nd the difference between the clinical and laboratory variables of surviving and deceased acute colitis horses before the beginning of medical treatment, with the aim to provide a better guideline for determining the prognosis of survival.According to this retrospective study the lethality rate of acute equine colitis was 41.93 %. The time interval from the onset of acute diarrhea to the horse being taken to the clinic was signifi cantly longer in the case of horses which had not survived. The heart rate, hematocrit, blood pH, blood hydrogen carbonate concentration, base excess and HCT/TPP ratio were shown to be signifi cantly related to the survival of horses with colitis. Thus, the hematocrit, appeared to be the most relevant predictor of the outcome of acute equine colitis. Body temperature, respiration rate, total plasma protein and white blood cell count, did not show any prognostic signifi cance.

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Enteritis and Colitis in Horses

Cited by 79 publications

References 121 publications

Disparities in TLR5 Expression and Responsiveness to Flagellin in Equine Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes

Disparities in TLR5 Expression and Responsiveness to Flagellin in Equine Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes

Effect of a Probiotic on Prevention of Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens Shedding in Foals

Survival and Evaluation of Clinical and Laboratory Variables as Prognostic Indicators in Horses Hospitilized with Acute Diarrhea: 342 Cases (1995-2015)

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