Enteric viruses in New Zealand drinking-water sources

Williamson, William Crawford; Ball, Andrew; Wolf, Sandro; Hewitt, Joanne; Lin, Shen; Scholes, Paula; Ambrose, Vikki; Robson, Beth; Greening, Gail E.

doi:10.2166/wst.2011.117

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Different filtration methods, most of them applying multiple filtration steps, have been described. This includes combinations of hollow fibre ultrafiltration (Williamson et al, 2011;Marcheggiani et al, 2015), other ultrafiltration devices (Kitajima et al, 2009;Rutjes et al, 2009;Verma and Arankalle, 2010;Givens et al, 2016) and/or positively (Rutjes et al, 2009;Steyer et al, 2011;Li et al, 2014b) or negatively (Kitajima et al, 2009) charged filter membranes. Glass wool filtrations (Kokkinos et al, 2012;Givens et al, 2016) and flocculation at low pH (Kokkinos et al, 2012) have also been described.…”

Section: Methods For Virus and Rna Extraction From Food And Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with preexisting liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.

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Section: Methods For Virus and Rna Extraction From Food And Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

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“…Norovirus belonging to GI are significantly more likely to have been transmitted via water than by other routes of transmission, and are therefore thought to be more stable in water than GII strains. Noroviruses have been detected in a wide range of water environments such as sewages, municipal water, rivers, recreational waters, and groundwater throughout the world [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Viral Pathogens Transmitted Through Water Norovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of enteroviruses in coastal waters in both bathing and non-bathing sites is documented worldwide [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Enteroviruses have also been found in rivers [49,[51][52][53][54][55], lakes [56,57], groundwater [29, [58][59][60][61] and in both untreated and finished drinking water supplies [30,38,55,62,63]. Despite the widespread presence of these viruses, however, few drinking water-related outbreaks have been reported [64][65][66][67], only two outbreaks of recreational waterborne coxsackievirus, nine echovirus outbreaks concentrated between 1990 and 2005 [11] and sporadic echovirus 30 outbreaks in swimming pool.…”

Section: Enterovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Rosa

Fratini

Libera

et al. 2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

112

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Abstract. Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.Key words: viruses, waterborne, emerging, drinking water, recreational water. Riassunto (Infezioni emergenti e potenzialmente emergenti in ambienti acquatici).I virus sono tra i principali agenti di infezioni emergenti, in quanto sono in grado di acquisire nuove caratteristiche biologiche attraverso fenomeni di mutazione, ricombinazione e riassortimento genico, adattandosi così a nuovi ospiti e nuove nicchie ecologiche. I virus enterici sono tra le principali cause di malattie infettive di origine idrica, che possono manifestarsi come casi sporadici o cluster epidemici. Le manifestazioni cliniche più comuni sono le gastroenteriti; tuttavia i virus enterici sono in grado di causare anche sintomi respiratori, congiuntiviti, epatiti, infezioni del sistema nervoso centrale e malattie croniche. La presente rassegna fornisce una panoramica dei virus enterici tradizionalmente associati alle malattie idrotrasmesse; mostra inoltre dati epidemiologici su alcuni gruppi di virus che non sono stati associati a malattie idrodiffuse in passato (inclusi virus respiratori ed epiteliotropici), ma che possono rappresentare nuovi patogeni emergenti a causa della loro presenza e persistenza in ambienti acquatici.Parole chiave: virus, malattie idrotrasmesse, patogeni emergenti, acque potabili, acque ricreative.

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“…Both tools have demonstrated that many virus types are present in environmental and drinking waters throughout the world [1][2][3][4][5][6] . Their use coupled with sequencing of amplified genomic fragments during disease outbreak investigations has provided evidence for waterborne virus transmission, as they have shown that the virus found in the drinking water is identical to that shed by outbreak patients [7][8][9][10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Fout¹,

Cashdollar²,

Griffin³

et al. 2016

JoVE

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EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

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Enteric viruses in New Zealand drinking-water sources

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

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