Enteric pathogen reduction targets for onsite non-potable water systems: A critical evaluation

Jahne, Michael A.; Schoen, Mary E.; Kaufmann, Anya; Pecson, Brian M.; Olivieri, Adam W.; Sharvelle, Sybil; Anderson, Andrew; Ashbolt, Nicholas J.; Garland, Jay L.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.119742

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Recent work on building-scale reuse has provided preliminary indications that pathogen distributions for population sizes greater than 1000 persons show alignment with the larger municipal-scale pathogen distributions from DPR-2. [46][47][48] This suggests that the distributions may also be suitable for small municipal facilities as well, though additional studies are recommended to determine the extent to which these distributions also apply to small facilities (<1 MGD). In particular, a community outbreak may impact a smaller facility (<1 MGD) more than a larger facility and further research is recommended to understand the impact of community outbreaks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying and aggregating high-quality pathogen data: a new approach for potable reuse regulatory development

Darby¹,

Olivieri²,

Haas

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying and aggregating high-quality pathogen data: a new approach for potable reuse regulatory development

Darby¹,

Olivieri²,

Haas

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…We also formulated a mathematical expression to estimate LRT INF – LRT DALY without having to simulate the actual LRTs. Previous work was used to narrow the list of reference pathogens and infection dose–response options for each water to the combinations with dominant treatment requirements within each pathogen class …”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exposure volume and frequency inputs (Table S1) and infection dose–response parameters (Table ) were set at point estimates (Figure ). There remains uncharacterized uncertainty about the ingestion volume and infection dose–response at low doses, discussed at length elsewhere . The 95th percentile LRT was reported with two significant digits.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Onsite nonpotable water systems (ONWS) collect and treat locally available water sources, such as graywater, combined wastewater, roof runoff, and stormwater, for end uses such as toilet flushing and irrigation . Risk-based pathogen treatment requirements for ONWS derived using quantitative microbial risk analysis (QMRA) aim to achieve a specified health benchmark .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For nonpotable use, risk-based treatment requirements, expressed as log 10 reduction targets (LRTs), have been proposed for selected reference pathogens using either a health benchmark for annual probability of infection , or Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). − The DALY is a measure of the health burden of a disease and is calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death and years of life lived with disability (YLD) from illness (DALY = YLL + YLD) . The 10 –6 DALY ppy benchmark has been used by World Health Organization (WHO) in setting water reuse and drinking water treatment requirements, as well as in Australia’s risk-based reuse guidelines. − A probability of infection benchmark of 10 –4 infections per person per year (ppy) has been suggested in the United States (US) for drinking water treatment requirements ,, and is used for potable reuse in the State of California. , Recent work has discussed the process of estimating ONWS LRTs (summarized in Figure ) and evaluated the inputs using an infection benchmark; however, a comparison of LRTs for ONWS using the infection and DALY benchmarks is missing from scientific literature …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onsite Nonpotable Water Systems Pathogen Treatment Targets: A Comparison of Infection and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Risk Benchmark Approaches

Schoen,

Garland,

Soller

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Pathogen log 10 reduction targets for onsite nonpotable water systems were calculated using both annual infection (LRT INF ) and disability-adjusted life year (LRT DALY ) benchmarks. The DALY is a measure of the health burden of a disease, accounting for both the severity and duration of illness. Results were evaluated to identify if treatment requirements change when accounting for the likelihood, duration, and severity of illness in addition to the likelihood of infection. The benchmarks of 10 −4 infections per person per year (ppy) and 10 −6 DALYs ppy were adopted along with multilevel dose−response models for Norovirus and Campylobacter jejuni, which characterize the probability of illness given infection (Pill|inf) as dose-dependent using challenge or outbreak data. We found differences between treatment requirements, LRT INF − LRT DALY , for some pathogens, driven by the likelihood of illness, rather than the severity of illness. For pathogens with dose-independent Pill|inf characterizations, such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia, and Salmonella enterica, the difference, LRT INF − LRT DALY , was identical across reuse scenarios (

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Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

Adelman,

Oberoi,

Oppenheimer

et al. 2024

AWWA Water Science

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Interest is growing in potable reuse in response to water scarcity and the desire for sustainable supplies. While potable reuse systems must control a variety of physical, chemical, and microbiological contaminants, human enteric viruses are particularly concerning and drive process performance objectives due to their often‐high occurrence in source waters, small size, potential resistance to treatment, and laborious methods to determine infectivity. This paper reviews the alignment of online monitoring practices with the mechanisms and time scales of the various barriers for enteric viruses. While there are numerous studies and reviews of individual barriers, no other review has been identified that covers operational monitoring of the entire potable reuse system. This paper also provides a critical assessment of the efficacy of current practices for operational and verification monitoring of the integrity of barriers to enteric viruses in potable reuse systems. The prevalence of human enteric viruses in wastewater and associated challenges of quantifying them through treatment are discussed within the risk management frameworks currently in use or under development for potable reuse systems. Monitoring approaches are then reviewed throughout the potable reuse water cycle. Current monitoring practices are compared with treatment process mechanisms and time scales, for the treatment barriers of biological wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactors, microfiltration/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet irradiation/advanced oxidation, ozonation, granular media/biologically active filtration, and chlorination. Monitoring and pathogen removal mechanisms are also reviewed for both environmental and engineered buffers. Implications are then discussed for future areas of research in potable reuse.

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Enteric pathogen reduction targets for onsite non-potable water systems: A critical evaluation

Cited by 15 publications

References 69 publications

Identifying and aggregating high-quality pathogen data: a new approach for potable reuse regulatory development

Identifying and aggregating high-quality pathogen data: a new approach for potable reuse regulatory development

Onsite Nonpotable Water Systems Pathogen Treatment Targets: A Comparison of Infection and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Risk Benchmark Approaches

Aligning monitoring of virus barriers in potable reuse with unit process treatment mechanisms and time scales: A critical review and research needs

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