ENSO Influences on Rainfall Extremes around Sulawesi and Maluku Islands in the Eastern Indonesian Maritime Continent

Lestari, Sopia; Hamada, Jun Ichi; Syamsudin, Fadli; Sunaryo, Sony; Matsumoto, Jun; Yamanaka, Manabu D.

doi:10.2151/sola.2016-008

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Kirono et al , ; Hamada et al , ; Juneng and Tangang, ; Aldrian et al , ). In Region C, the decreased in PRCPTOT was also observed in 1987, 1994 and 2002, indicating a consistent impact of El Niño events in this region, in agreement with study by Lestari et al (). However, during 2010 La Niña event, the impact was only clearly depicted for country level and Region A.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Observed changes in extreme temperature and precipitation over Indonesia

Supari

Tangang

Juneng

et al. 2016

Intl Journal of Climatology

146

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This paper documents the changes in climate extremes over Indonesia during the past three decades (1983–2012) based on a subset of extreme indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The extreme indices were calculated based on the quality controlled daily observational data (minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation) from 88 weather stations. Overall, we found significant and spatially coherent trends of warming in the temperature indices over Indonesia, consistent with other studies conducted at different countries within the Southeast Asia. The frequency of cool days (TX10p) and cools nights (TN10p) had decreased whereas warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p) were observed more frequently. Averaged over the country, the annual mean of daily maximum (TXmean) and minimum temperature (TNmean) had increased significantly by 0.18 and 0.30 °C decade−1, respectively. Other temperature indices also showed significant warming trends. In contrast, trends in the precipitation extremes indices were generally not significant and less spatially coherent. However, a tendency towards wetter conditions was observed, in agreement with the results at the global scale. The daily precipitation intensity (SDII) had increased significantly over the country by 0.21 mm day−1 decade−1 during the period studied. At the regional scale, we observed a significant wetting trend in the annual highest daily amount (RX1day) and the rainfall amount contributed by the extremely very wet days (R99p) in the northern part of the country. The wetting trends of a number of extreme precipitation indices were depicted prominently in December–January–February (DJF) and/or March–April–May (MAM) seasons, both at country and regional levels. However, for the southern region of Indonesia, a drying tendency was observed for June–July–August (JJA), September–October–November (SON) and MAM.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Observed changes in extreme temperature and precipitation over Indonesia

Supari

Tangang

Juneng

et al. 2016

Intl Journal of Climatology

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…More detailed correlation analyses of recent improved rainfall observations for West Jawa with SST over the Central Pacific and Western Indian Oceans ) and for the eastern IMC (Kubota et al 2011;Lestari et al 2016) are now being applied to the whole of Indonesia. SST variations may reduce or amplify the nighttime sea-to-land temperature gradient and control the morning coastal-sea rainfall in particular in the dry season.…”

Section: Diurnal Cycle Observed Around the Imc Coastlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, west−east differences of the IMC have been found in climatological (e.g., Köppen 1918;Murakami and Matsumoto 1994;Kubota et al 2011;Hidayat et al 2016;Lestari et al 2016), and cloudphysical (e.g., As-syakur et al 2016) and water isotope (Suwarman et al 2013(Suwarman et al , 2017Belgaman et al 2016;Permana et al 2016) observations. The western part has relatively greater rainfall, a more continental-like raindrop size distribution, and more Indian Ocean monsoon-like origin than the eastern part.…”

Section: Regional Rainfall As a Function Of "Coastline Density"mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Yamanaka

Ogino

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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During the Monsoon Asian Hydro−Atmosphere Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative (MAHASRI; 2006-16), we carried out two projects over the Indonesian maritime continent (IMC), constructing the Hydrometeorological Array for Intraseasonal Variation−Monsoon Automonitoring (HARIMAU; 2005-10) radar network and setting up a prototype institute for climate studies, the Maritime Continent Center of Excellence (MCCOE; 2009-14). Here, we review the climatological features of the world's largest "regional" rainfall over the IMC studied in these projects. The fundamental mode of atmospheric variability over the IMC is the diurnal cycle generated along coastlines by land−sea temperature contrast: afternoon land becomes hotter than sea by clear-sky insolation before noon, with the opposite contrast before sunrise caused by evening rainfall-induced "sprinkler"-like land cooling (different from the extratropical infrared cooling on clear nights). Thus, unlike the extratropics, the diurnal cycle over the IMC is more important in the rainy season. The intraseasonal, seasonal to annual, and interannual climate variabilities appear as amplitude modulations of the diurnal cycle. For example, in Jawa and Bali the rainy season is the southern hemispheric summer, because land heating in the clear morning and water vapor transport by afternoon sea breeze is strongest in the season of maximum insolation. During El Niño, cooler sea water surrounding the IMC makes morning maritime convection and rainfall weaker than normal. Because the diurnal cycle is almost the only mechanism generating convective clouds systematically near the equator with little cyclone activity, the local annual rainfall amount in the tropics is a steeply decreasing function of coastal distance (e-folding scale 100-300 km), and regional annual rainfall is an increasing function of "coastline density" (coastal length/land area) measured at a horizontal resolution of 100 km. The coastline density effect explains why rainfall and latent heating over the IMC are twice the global mean for an area that makes up only 4% of the Earth's surface. The diurnal cycles appearing almost synchronously over the whole IMC generate teleconnections between the IMC convection and the global climate. Thus, high-resolution (<< 100 km; << 1 day) observations and models over the IMC are essential to improve both local disaster prevention and global climate prediction.

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“…Higher precipitation during winter is associated with the Asian monsoon (December-February), which is characterized by eastward winds from the Indian Ocean and southward winds from Asia (Yasunari 1981). Both the amount and the spatial distribution of winter precipitation show high interannual variation that is generated by the anomaly of the tropical Pacific Ocean air-sea heat exchange related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Bjerknes 1969;Cane and Zebiak 1985;Hendon 2003;Yanto et al 2016;Lestari et al 2016;Hidayat et al 2016;Zhang et al 2016). For instance, warmer sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) over the eastern Pacific Ocean during El Niño events encourage convective activity to shift eastward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%