Observed changes in extreme temperature and precipitation over Indonesia

Abstract

This paper documents the changes in climate extremes over Indonesia during the past three decades (1983–2012) based on a subset of extreme indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The extreme indices were calculated based on the quality controlled daily observational data (minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation) from 88 weather stations. Overall, we found significant and spatially coherent trends of warming in the temperature indices over Indonesia, consistent with other studies conducted at different countries within the Southeast Asia. The frequency of cool days (TX10p) and cools nights (TN10p) had decreased whereas warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p) were observed more frequently. Averaged over the country, the annual mean of daily maximum (TXmean) and minimum temperature (TNmean) had increased significantly by 0.18 and 0.30 °C decade−1, respectively. Other temperature indices also showed significant warming trends. In contrast, trends in the precipitation extremes indices were generally not significant and less spatially coherent. However, a tendency towards wetter conditions was observed, in agreement with the results at the global scale. The daily precipitation intensity (SDII) had increased significantly over the country by 0.21 mm day−1 decade−1 during the period studied. At the regional scale, we observed a significant wetting trend in the annual highest daily amount (RX1day) and the rainfall amount contributed by the extremely very wet days (R99p) in the northern part of the country. The wetting trends of a number of extreme precipitation indices were depicted prominently in December–January–February (DJF) and/or March–April–May (MAM) seasons, both at country and regional levels. However, for the southern region of Indonesia, a drying tendency was observed for June–July–August (JJA), September–October–November (SON) and MAM.

Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

“…The Bengkulu area has not yet been observed well and is almost free from small islands distributed off Padang. Also, the long historical meteorological records of Indonesia are starting to be analyzed by Indonesian scientists (e.g., Siswanto et al 2016;Yanto et al 2016;Supari et al 2016), which will clarify features and mechanisms of the multi-scale interactions. Agricultural applications of climatological studies (Hidayat et al 2016;Marjuki et al 2016) are requested strongly by the Indonesian government and society.…”

Indonesian aquaculture futures—identifying interventions for reducing environmental impacts

“…Consequences of climate change were not considered in the modeling, but small-scale farms and lowlatitude countries such as Indonesia are expected to be especially vulnerable (Barange et al 2018). For Indonesia, these consequences would include more frequent extreme weather events, rising sea levels, shifts in optimal temperature ranges, shifting precipitation patterns, and less availability of wild fish (Cheung et al 2016, Klinger et al 2017, Supari et al 2017, Barange et al 2018. Subsequently, the Indonesian aquaculture industry does not only need to reduce its emissions, it also needs to adopt to the effects of climate change.…”

Perbaikan Estimasi Curah Hujan Berbasis Data Satelit Dengan Memperhitungkan Faktor Pertumbuhan Awan

“…Namun di wilayah Indonesia, jumlah titik pengamatan hujan masih sangat kurang. Berdasarkan hasil kontrol kualitas data hujan di 162 stasiun di Indonesia, hanya 88 stasiun yang memiliki kualitas data pengamatan hujan yang baik (Supari et al, 2016). Menurut World Meteorological Organization (WMO), satu titik pengamatan curah hujan rata-rata dapat mewakili luasan area 100 km 2 (WMO, 1994).…”