Religion and Science Under Tension The tension between science and religion is a very old and still unresolved debate. In the public sphere, the idea of "civilization" refers by definition to their separation. Such a principle has also sometimes been described as a "founding myth" of the Western "civilized" world (Carr & Thésée, 2009). This separation is also often considered the result of past conflicts, such as the one between Galileo and the Church (Boorstin, 1983). But instances in which science and religion overlap, meet or clash still arise, and the tension between them still exists, sometimes visible around certain sensitive topics such as evolution and determinism, or in certain parts of the world more than others. The reasons for the rivalry between science and religion go beyond those that fuel ordinary antagonism between religions. While these might compete for the truth value of their respective sets of dogma, science chooses to reject dogma altogether. Bertrand Russel (1935, p. 194) explained that "a religious creed differs from a scientific theory in that it claims to express an eternal and absolutely certain truth, while science holds a provisional character [...]. Science, therefore, incites us to abandon the search for absolute truth and to substitute for it what may be called the 'technical' truth, which is distinctive of any theory that enables us to make inventions or to predict future events." Thus, paradoxically, the only doctrine that science embraces is the rejection of doctrine. In this view, even scientism has to be considered as an adversary of scientific thinking. Therefore, for certain problems, questions or topics for which a religion claims truth and for which science can conduct its Popperian (1995) inquiry-based refutations, conflicts inevitably arise. In such cases, power equilibria can be displaced, and different outcomes can arise: amicable divorce, subordination, acknowledgements of compatibility (or complementarity), etc. However such (latter) attempts at reconciliation, mostly proposed by clergymen, have been seen to be sometimes inequitable. Thomas Aquinas, for example, has argued that truths that are accessible by reason or faith are not contradictory, and at the same time, that both provide access to religious beatitude (Torrel, 2015).