Enrofloxacin concentrations in the vitreous of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) after repeated intravenous administration

Popp, Michaela Karin; Gerhards, H; Wollanke, B

doi:10.21836/pem20130501

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Enrofloxacin after repeated intravenous dosing with 7.5 mg/kg bwt resulted in a peak concentration in aqueous humour of approximately 0.32 μg/mL while minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for enrofloxacin against L. interrogans serovar Pomona strains in one report were 0.05–0.30 μg/mL . Although antibiotics such as enrofloxacin or some tetracyclines may reach concentrations above Leptospira MIC, they are mostly ineffective in eliminating the organism from the eye . Although there are no good data to show that systemic or topical antimicrobial use has been successful in eliminating Leptospira from the eye of horses with ERU, they could be effective in the rare case of uveitis associated with an acute infection .…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses

Divers

Chang

Irby

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary North American horses are commonly exposed to Leptospira organisms. Leptospira Bratislava is the most common infecting serovar but this serovar has not been confirmed to cause clinical disease in North American horses. Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki is responsible for most of the clinical diseases (leptospirosis) in North American horses. Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with diseases of the placenta and fetus, the kidneys and the eyes in horses. In‐utero infections in pregnant mares may result in abortion, neonatal illness or birth of an antibody positive healthy foal. Acute renal failure in younger horses and recurrent uveitis in adult horses are other well documented clinical syndromes of leptospirosis. Abortions, neonatal disease and acute renal failure are caused by a subacute infection, while horses with Leptospira associated recurrent uveitis develop ocular disease months or years after the initial Leptospira infection. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis is made by a combination of antigen or antibody testing methods. Mares that abort following Leptospira infection have no additional clinical signs at the time of abortion but may shed the offending Leptospira spp. in the urine for several weeks. Antibiotic treatments are sometimes used in hopes of decreasing Leptospira shedding in infected horses or prophylactically in exposed pregnant mares but documentation of efficacy is lacking. Horses with Leptospira ‐ associated acute renal failure can be successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recurrent uveitis is commonly associated with leptospirosis in North American horses and although horses may have chronic intraocular infection triggering an immune disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy has not been effective in eliminating the organism from the eye. An equine approved Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki vaccine is now available in North America.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses

Divers

Chang

Irby

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Studies on autoimmune reactions, carried out by the research group of Deeg (Deeg et al 2001, Deeg et al 2002, Deeg et al 2004, Deeg et al 2006, Deeg 2008, were performed on identical intraocular samples from the same equine eyes used for the detection of an intraocular leptospiral infection mentioned above (Wollanke et al 1998a,b, Brem et al 1999a, Wollanke et al 2000b, Wollanke et al 2001a,b, Wollanke 2002, Hartskeerl et al 2004a, Niedermaier et al 2006, Brandes et al 2007, Roczek 2008, Loibl 2009, Wiehen 2012, Popp et al 2013, Roth et al 2014, Schinagl 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the laboratory diagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in horses by using an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in intraocular samples

Loibl¹,

Gerhards²,

Brem³

et al. 2018

PHK

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Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a frequently occurring disease, at least in horses in Germany. A vitrectomy is predominantly the course of action in cases where a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection is present. In some cases, the clinical and ophthalmological diagnosis is not conclusive and in these cases a preoperative laboratory test using anterior chamber fluid is indicated. However, false negative results occur when only MAT is used. The aim of this study was to investigate intraocular samples from horses with recurrent uveitis by using ELISA to detect anti-leptospiral antibodies and to compare the results to those of more established laboratory tests, i. e. MAT and PCR. Preliminary investigations indicated a high sensitivity of ELISA in the detection of leptospiral uveitis in horses. 80 eyes of 72 diseased horses were included in the study. The patients' history was taken and a thorough ophthalmologic examination was performed. Intraocular fluids were obtained by diagnostic anterior chamber paracentesis (n = 29) or therapeutic vitrectomy (n = 80) and submitted for MAT, ELISA and PCR to detect leptospiral antibodies and/or DNA. The ELISA allowed the separate determination of the immunoglobulin classes M, G and A. For statistical evaluation Cohen's kappa and the chi-square tests were applied and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered to be significant. 22 healthy horses (n = 42 eyes) served as controls. 78 % of vitreous samples from horses with ERU and 10 % of healthy controls reacted positively in the MAT, whereas in the ELISA it was 85 % and 0 %, and in the PCR it was 61% and 0 %, respectively. Specific IgA was detected in 84 % of the vitreous samples from horses with ERU, and in 11% of cases, IgA was solely detectable. Differences were highly significant (p<0.001). None of the aqueous samples in the control group contained leptospiral antibodies. Up to 64 % of aqueous humour specimens that were obtained for diagnostic purposes yielded a positive result in the MAT. For the ELISA, it was even 89 %. Anti-leptospiral IgA was the most frequently detected immunoglobulin class. There was a high level of agreement in the MAT and ELISA results. However, ELISA provided a greater number of positive results. The detection of IgA against leptospires proved to be especially sensitive for an intraocular leptospiral infection and, thus, important for the laboratory diagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in horses. Looking at the cost involved in laboratory tests, it would be reasonable to start with an IgA ELISA. Only if there are negative results, additional tests could be performed. In single IgA negative cases there might be positive reactions using MAT, PCR or ELISA for IgG or IgM.

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“…; Popp et al . ). A recent study reported that systemic antibiotic therapy had minimal effect on visual outcome in horses with leptospirosis‐associated ERU as a positive titre may not indicate active infection but rather prior exposure (Gerding and Gilger ).…”

Section: Medical Therapymentioning

confidence: 97%

Equine recurrent uveitis: A review of clinical assessment and management

Allbaugh

2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a vision‐threatening ocular disease that practitioners must be able to identify and manage. Although not every case of acute uveitis will develop into ERU, if 2 or more episodes of uveitis are observed, a diagnosis of ERU can be made. Patient outcomes improve with early diagnosis, appropriate therapy and client education. Recent advances in surgical options and treatment of horses with ERU have improved success in managing this condition. New therapeutic strategies under investigation may further enhance results and reduce the development of complicating factors.

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Enrofloxacin concentrations in the vitreous of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) after repeated intravenous administration

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses

Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses

Improving the laboratory diagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in horses by using an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in intraocular samples

Equine recurrent uveitis: A review of clinical assessment and management

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