Enrichment effects on rhesus monkeys successively housed singly, in pairs, and in groups

Schapiro, Steven J.; Bloomsmith, Mollie A.; Porter, Leila M.; Suarez, Scott A.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(96)01038-6

Cited by 54 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These results were not surprising; several studies have found that single housed macaques are more likely to display anxiety and abnormal behaviors, including MSB, compared pair housed animals (Baker et al, 2012a; Baker et al, 2013; Gottlieb et al, 2013a; Schapiro et al, 1996). What was somewhat surprising was the finding that animals housed in protected contact showed the same amount of MSB as single housed monkeys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

Gottlieb

Maier

Coleman

2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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Full body repetitive behaviors, known as motor stereotypic behaviors (MSBs), are one of the most commonly seen abnormal behaviors in captive non-human primates, and are frequently used as a behavioral measure of well-being. The main goal of this paper was to examine the role of environmental factors (i.e., foraging enrichment and socialization) and intrinsic factors (i.e., temperament and origin) in the development of MSB in rhesus macaques living in cages. MSB was assessed during short annual observations in which a trained observer recorded a monkey’s behavior for 5 min, followed by a 3-min novel object test. Data were collected over 11 years, totaling 9805 observations. We compared MSB for animals with and without foraging enrichment, and across three socialization conditions: full contact pairing, protected contact socialization (partners physically separated by widely spaced bars), and single housing. In addition, we evaluated whether individual differences in response to a novel object and ancestral origin (i.e., China vs. India), predicted MSB expression during the annual observations. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed effects modeling, with the best fitting models chosen using Akaike Information Criterion. Subjects were at lowest risk for MSB when a foraging device was present (p < 0.05), and when in full contact social housing (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in MSB between subjects that were single housed and subjects housed in protected contact pairs. In addition, subjects that never touched the novel object were significantly less likely to exhibit MSB than those that touched the object immediately (p < 0.001) or within 3 min (p < 0.001). Finally, monkeys with some degree of Chinese ancestry were significantly more likely to display MSB than Indian-origin monkeys (p < 0.05). These results add to the growing body of literature on factors that can contribute to the development of MSB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

Gottlieb

Maier

Coleman

2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…Replacement of cages simply to achieve minor increases in cage size is a waste of resources [Crockett, 1993]. Perches, foraging devices, cage toys, and-above all-social companionship have much more influence on psychological wellbeing than does cage size Schapiro et al, 1996;Schapiro et al, 1997;Crockett, 1998;National Research Council, 1998]. If for research reasons laboratory primates must be individually housed, there are innovative ways to provide social companionship, e.g., by use of groomingcontact bars [Crockett et al, 1997].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior, appetite, and urinary cortisol responses by adult female pigtailed macaques to cage size, cage level, room change, and ketamine sedation

2000

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“…For example, young rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, housed in pairs or in groups developed more species-specific behavioral patterns in comparison to isolated individuals (Schapiro et al, 1996). In elephants, older bull control young males by decreasing their aggressiveness and suppressing their musth pattern, which normally increases sexual and aggressive activity (Poole, 1987;Slotow et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could adults be used to improve social skills of young horses, Equus caballus?

Bourjade

Moulinot

Henry

et al. 2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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We investigated the effects of the introduction of foreign adults on the behavior of young horses. First, we observed the behavior of 1- and 2-year-old domestic horses housed in same-age and same-sex groups (a standard housing system, but different from a natural situation). Then, two same-sex adults were introduced into each experimental group. Observations made before, during and after an introduction indicated that young horses reared in homogeneous groups of young had different behaviors compared to other domestic horses reared under more socially natural conditions. After the introduction of adults, young horses expressed new behaviors, preferential social associations emerged, positive social behavior increased and agonistic interactions decreased. These results have important implications both for understanding the influence that adults may have on the behavior of young horses, and in terms of husbandry, indicating the importance of keeping young horses with adults, although further studies are still necessary.

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Enrichment effects on rhesus monkeys successively housed singly, in pairs, and in groups

Cited by 54 publications

References 31 publications

Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

Behavior, appetite, and urinary cortisol responses by adult female pigtailed macaques to cage size, cage level, room change, and ketamine sedation

Could adults be used to improve social skills of young horses, Equus caballus?

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