Behavior, appetite, and urinary cortisol responses by adult female pigtailed macaques to cage size, cage level, room change, and ketamine sedation

Physiologic Consequences of Housing Adult Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Heterosexual Pairs: A Pilot Study Using Implanted Biotelemetry

“…Moreover, despite a small sample size, results from Experiment 2 suggest that the effects of social companionship on cardiovascular measures and BT may not be the consequence of the increased cage size necessary when animals are paired. Those results also extend those of others, who reported no differences in HR (Line et al 1989), urinary cortisol excretion (Crockett et al 1993, 2000), or behavior (Crockett et al 1995, 2000) in relation to cage size (although it is important to note that the largest cages examined in those studies were smaller than our social cages). We recognize that in Experiment 2, our measures were only recorded for the first day following the cage size change, and that longer recording might have revealed effects of the greater cage sizes.…”

Physiologic Consequences of Housing Adult Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Heterosexual Pairs: A Pilot Study Using Implanted Biotelemetry

“…Moreover, despite a small sample size, results from Experiment 2 suggest that the effects of social companionship on cardiovascular measures and BT may not be the consequence of the increased cage size necessary when animals are paired. Those results also extend those of others, who reported no differences in HR (Line et al 1989), urinary cortisol excretion (Crockett et al 1993, 2000), or behavior (Crockett et al 1995, 2000) in relation to cage size (although it is important to note that the largest cages examined in those studies were smaller than our social cages). We recognize that in Experiment 2, our measures were only recorded for the first day following the cage size change, and that longer recording might have revealed effects of the greater cage sizes.…”

Housing relocation does not have to induce a significant stress response in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

“…Additionally, technicians used cooperative means to move monkeys into their respective carrying cages for transport and did not physically restrain them. No anesthesia or sedative drug was administered such as ketamine, which has been shown to highly elevate urinary cortisol levels in M. fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina 3,18 and in plasma in Macaca mulatta 19 . As the relocation in the present study was conducted without the administration of anesthetics, our results are consistent with prior research indicating a strong likelihood of sedative drugs playing a role in highly increased HPA axis activation.…”

Effect of ketamine anesthesia on daily food intake in Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops

“…Pre-sedation human activity in the room, animal handling and restraint techniques, degree of pre-procedural training, and post-recovery emergence reactions have been postulated as factors that influence stress levels experienced by non-human primates receiving ketamine [Bentson et al, 2003;Castro et al, 1981;Crockett et al, 1993;Flow and Jaques, 1997;Fuller et al, 1984;Line et al, 1991;Reinhardt and Reinhardt, 2000]. Cortisol changes associated with anesthetized and non-anesthetized non-human primates observed in previous studies, and particularly the correspondence between cortisol elevation and appetite suppression [Crockett et al, 1995[Crockett et al, , 2000, are consistent with the results of this study and provide support for this suggestion.…”

Physiologic Consequences of Housing Adult Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Heterosexual Pairs: A Pilot Study Using Implanted Biotelemetry

“…Moreover, despite a small sample size, results from Experiment 2 suggest that the effects of social companionship on cardiovascular measures and BT may not be the consequence of the increased cage size necessary when animals are paired. Those results also extend those of others, who reported no differences in HR (Line et al 1989), urinary cortisol excretion (Crockett et al 1993, 2000), or behavior (Crockett et al 1995, 2000) in relation to cage size (although it is important to note that the largest cages examined in those studies were smaller than our social cages). We recognize that in Experiment 2, our measures were only recorded for the first day following the cage size change, and that longer recording might have revealed effects of the greater cage sizes.…”

Housing relocation does not have to induce a significant stress response in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

“…Additionally, technicians used cooperative means to move monkeys into their respective carrying cages for transport and did not physically restrain them. No anesthesia or sedative drug was administered such as ketamine, which has been shown to highly elevate urinary cortisol levels in M. fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina 3,18 and in plasma in Macaca mulatta 19 . As the relocation in the present study was conducted without the administration of anesthetics, our results are consistent with prior research indicating a strong likelihood of sedative drugs playing a role in highly increased HPA axis activation.…”

Effect of ketamine anesthesia on daily food intake in Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops

“…Pre-sedation human activity in the room, animal handling and restraint techniques, degree of pre-procedural training, and post-recovery emergence reactions have been postulated as factors that influence stress levels experienced by non-human primates receiving ketamine [Bentson et al, 2003;Castro et al, 1981;Crockett et al, 1993;Flow and Jaques, 1997;Fuller et al, 1984;Line et al, 1991;Reinhardt and Reinhardt, 2000]. Cortisol changes associated with anesthetized and non-anesthetized non-human primates observed in previous studies, and particularly the correspondence between cortisol elevation and appetite suppression [Crockett et al, 1995[Crockett et al, , 2000, are consistent with the results of this study and provide support for this suggestion.…”

Physiologic Consequences of Housing Adult Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Heterosexual Pairs: A Pilot Study Using Implanted Biotelemetry

“…Moreover, despite a small sample size, results from Experiment 2 suggest that the effects of social companionship on cardiovascular measures and BT may not be the consequence of the increased cage size necessary when animals are paired. Those results also extend those of others, who reported no differences in HR (Line et al 1989), urinary cortisol excretion (Crockett et al 1993, 2000), or behavior (Crockett et al 1995, 2000) in relation to cage size (although it is important to note that the largest cages examined in those studies were smaller than our social cages). We recognize that in Experiment 2, our measures were only recorded for the first day following the cage size change, and that longer recording might have revealed effects of the greater cage sizes.…”

Housing relocation does not have to induce a significant stress response in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

“…Additionally, technicians used cooperative means to move monkeys into their respective carrying cages for transport and did not physically restrain them. No anesthesia or sedative drug was administered such as ketamine, which has been shown to highly elevate urinary cortisol levels in M. fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina 3,18 and in plasma in Macaca mulatta 19 . As the relocation in the present study was conducted without the administration of anesthetics, our results are consistent with prior research indicating a strong likelihood of sedative drugs playing a role in highly increased HPA axis activation.…”

Effect of ketamine anesthesia on daily food intake in Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops

“…Pre-sedation human activity in the room, animal handling and restraint techniques, degree of pre-procedural training, and post-recovery emergence reactions have been postulated as factors that influence stress levels experienced by non-human primates receiving ketamine [Bentson et al, 2003;Castro et al, 1981;Crockett et al, 1993;Flow and Jaques, 1997;Fuller et al, 1984;Line et al, 1991;Reinhardt and Reinhardt, 2000]. Cortisol changes associated with anesthetized and non-anesthetized non-human primates observed in previous studies, and particularly the correspondence between cortisol elevation and appetite suppression [Crockett et al, 1995[Crockett et al, , 2000, are consistent with the results of this study and provide support for this suggestion.…”