Enhancing the performance of natural rubber latex with polymeric isocyanate as cold-pressing and formaldehyde free adhesive for plywood

Falah, Faizatul; Harini, Dian; Sudarmanto, -; Kharisma, Anggi; Tjahyono, Budi; Fatriasari, Widya; Subiyanto, Bambang; Suryanegara, Lisman; Iswanto, Apri Heri

doi:10.1080/00218464.2021.1999233

Cited by 9 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Prior to the blending process, lignin solution was prepared by mixing lignin in acetone at a ratio of 1:10, according to the preliminary research. Furthermore, PVOH beads were dissolved in distilled water at 80 °C to obtain a PVOH solution of 15% w / v [ 53 , 54 ], and hexamine 15% w/v was prepared by dissolved hexamine powder in distilled water at 27 ± 2 °C. The mixing process of adhesive was conducted at a temperature of 27 ± 2 °C under a stirring rate of 300 rpm according to the formulation in Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Lignin Content and Pressing Time on Plywood Properties Bonded with Cold-Setting Adhesive Based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol), Lignin, and Hexamine

et al. 2022

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The sustainability, performance, and cost of production in the plywood industry depend on wood adhesives and the hot-pressing process. In this study, a cold-setting plywood adhesive was developed based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), high-purity lignin, and hexamine. The influence of lignin content (10%, 15%, and 20%) and cold-pressing time (3, 6, 12, and 24 h) on cohesion, adhesion, and formaldehyde emission of plywood were investigated through physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical analyses. The increased lignin addition level lowered the solids content, which resulted in reduced average viscosity of the adhesive. As a result, the cohesion strength of the adhesive formulation with 10% lignin addition was greater than those of 15% and 20% lignin content. Markedly, the adhesive formulation containing a 15% lignin addition level exhibited superior thermo-mechanical properties than the blends with 10% and 20% lignin content. This study showed that 10% and 15% lignin content in the adhesive resulted in better cohesion strength than that with 20% lignin content. However, statistical analysis revealed that the addition of 20% lignin in the adhesive and using a cold-pressing time of 24 h could produce plywood that was comparable to the control polyurethane resins, i.e., dry tensile shear strength (TSS) value of 0.95 MPa, modulus of rupture (MOR) ranging from 35.8 MPa, modulus of elasticity (MOE) values varying from 3980 MPa, and close-to-zero formaldehyde emission (FE) of 0.1 mg/L, which meets the strictest emission standards. This study demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating eco-friendly plywood bonded with PVOH–lignin–hexamine-based adhesive using cold pressing as an alternative to conventional plywood.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Lignin Content and Pressing Time on Plywood Properties Bonded with Cold-Setting Adhesive Based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol), Lignin, and Hexamine

et al. 2022

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“…The basic properties of NRL-based adhesive were determined according to the published works. [29,40] The result showed that NRL-PVOH/5% pMDI adhesive has an average viscosity of 457.5 mPa s, a solids content of 31.5%, a gelation time of 112 min at 25 C, and a pH of 10.2. Dynamic viscosity of NRL-based adhesive is displayed in Figure 4.…”

Section: Properties Of Nrl Adhesivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial viscosity was 450.0 mPa s and the viscosity increased drastically to around 3985.0 mPa s. This result showed that incorporation of pMDI greatly increased the viscosity of NRL-based adhesive, meaning that the addition of pMDI resulted in a phase change of adhesive from liquid to viscous liquid and cross-linking of between NRL/PVOH and pMDI. [29,40] Addition of PVOH into NRL resulted in greater OH groups of NRL which could eventually enhance the adhesion of NRL. After addition of pMDI, the NCO groups of pMDI have reacted with OH groups of NRL-PVOH and resulted in urethane linkages (R 1 NH [C=O] R 2 ) for strong cohesion strength.…”

Section: Properties Of Nrl Adhesivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[44] PVOH as an adhesion promoter has a specific peak of OH at a wavenumber of 3300 cm À1 . [29,40] The addition of PVOH into NRL could result in greater OH groups of NRL through hydrogen bonding, which could eventually enhance the adhesion of NRL. [29,40] PVOH is known as the most common proton donating polymer for hydrogen bonding.…”

Section: Properties Of Nrl Adhesivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[29,40] The addition of PVOH into NRL could result in greater OH groups of NRL through hydrogen bonding, which could eventually enhance the adhesion of NRL. [29,40] PVOH is known as the most common proton donating polymer for hydrogen bonding. [45] Liquid pMDI has a strong peak of NCO groups at a wavenumber of 2250 cm À1 which is reactive for cross-linking.…”

Section: Properties Of Nrl Adhesivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of eco‐friendly particleboard from agro‐industrial residues bonded with formaldehyde‐free natural rubber latex adhesive for interior applications

et al. 2022

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In this work, a novel way is proposed to produce an eco‐friendly and formaldehyde‐free particleboard (PB) panel from agro‐industrial residues bonded with natural rubber latex (NRL)‐based adhesive. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was added as an adhesion promoter and polymeric 4,4‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as cross‐linker. Different formulations of agro‐industrial residues (cassava stem, sengon wood waste, and rice husk) and different contents of NRL‐adhesive (10%, 15%, and 20%) were applied to prepare the PB panel. Several techniques were performed to characterize the properties of NRL‐based adhesive and to evaluate the performance of PB panels from agro‐industrial residues bonded with NRL‐based adhesive. The blending of NRL and PVOH resulted in weak hydrogen bonds in the polymer blends. Incorporation of pMDI provided NCO groups as the reactive site for cross‐linking with NRL‐PVOH via urethane linkages. The results showed that no remarkable differences in the physical properties of the PB panel, such as density, moisture content, water absorption, and thickness swelling, with different agro‐industrial residues formulations and NRL‐adhesive content. By contrast, greater NRL‐adhesive content affected the mechanical properties of the PB panel. The best mechanical properties of the PB panel were obtained using a formulation of 40% of cassava stem, 30% of sengon wood waste, 30% of rice husk, and bonded with 20% of NRL‐adhesive content, which resulted in 4.02 MPa of modulus of rupture (MOR), 441.00 MPa of modulus of elasticity (MOE), and 0.19 MPa of internal bonding (IB) strength. A combination of agro‐industrial residues particles and NRL‐based adhesive presented a high potential for application as an eco‐friendly, formaldehyde‐free, and non‐structural PB such as interior applications.

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Evaluation of an ammonia‐free natural rubber latex adhesive

Román,

Dibisa,

Pardo

et al. 2023

SPE Polymers

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Natural rubber latex (NRL) within the adhesives industry has had limited applications because of poor water and chemical resistance; additionally, conventional preservation methods with ammonia produce poor adhesive properties and introduce toxicity. Today, solvent‐based adhesives dominate the market because of their superior mechanical properties; however, they negatively affect the health of users depending on the application due to the toxic chemicals. In this study, we investigated using a novel NRL‐based ammonia‐free adhesive as primary materials with bio‐additives, specifically cellulose, and collagen, to enhance their mechanical property provide the industry with an adhesive safe to handle. The peeling strength of an ammonia‐free NRL, 60% dry rubber content (DRC) NRL, with cellulose and collagen (Industrial Adhesive) were compared to high‐performance adhesives used within the footwear and construction industry to prove these adhesives direct applicability within these industries. Our findings showed that the ammonia‐free NRL Industrial Adhesive exhibited superior mechanical properties when compared against resilient flooring adhesives and footwear adhesives. Additionally, the peeling strength of an ammonia‐free 35% DRC with only cellulose (Office Adhesive) was compared to PVA‐based Elmer's Glue and it was observed that the ammonia‐free NRL adhesive outperformed Elmer's Glue by almost reaching four times the peeling strength of Elmer's Glue.

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Enhancing the performance of natural rubber latex with polymeric isocyanate as cold-pressing and formaldehyde free adhesive for plywood

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Influence of Lignin Content and Pressing Time on Plywood Properties Bonded with Cold-Setting Adhesive Based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol), Lignin, and Hexamine

Influence of Lignin Content and Pressing Time on Plywood Properties Bonded with Cold-Setting Adhesive Based on Poly (Vinyl Alcohol), Lignin, and Hexamine

Performance of eco‐friendly particleboard from agro‐industrial residues bonded with formaldehyde‐free natural rubber latex adhesive for interior applications

Evaluation of an ammonia‐free natural rubber latex adhesive

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