Enhancing the flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings by introducing boric acid as synergistic agent

Xu, Zhisheng; Chu, Zhiyong; Yan, Long

doi:10.1007/s10973-018-7201-3

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The introduction of a small amount of fillers into the intumescent systems as synergists is an effective way to reduce the amount of IFR and endow the intumescent coatings with high performances . The presence of numerous fillers can modify the chemical and physical behaviors of the intumescent char when exposed to flame or heat flux, leading to the enhanced performance of intumescent system . These fillers include inorganic fillers (e.g., silica, montmorillonite, talc, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Chu

Yan

et al. 2018

Polymer Composites

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An eco‐friendly bio‐filler was prepared by reusing of chicken eggshell (CES), and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM)‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and thermo‐gravimetric (TG) analysis. The influence of CES on the thermal stability, flame‐retardant, and smoke suppression properties of epoxy‐based traditional intumescent system was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, cone calorimeter test, and TG analysis. The results shows that the incorporation of CES improves the LOI value of the samples, and IFR‐3 with 37 wt% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and 3 wt% CES exhibits the maximum LOI value of 31.5%. The results from cone calorimeter and smoke density tests reveal that the addition of CES greatly decreases the heat release and smoke production of the samples concomitant with an increase in the residual weight, which is ascribed to the formation of a more compact, thermally stable, and intumescent char against heat and mass transfer during burning. The synergistic effect on fire performance between CES and IFR depends on the content of CES, and an excessive content of CES diminishes this synergistic effect. The TG analysis shows that the intumescent system containing CES exhibits high thermal stability and char‐forming ability. Overall, CES can serve as an environmentally friendly bio‐filler and a promising synergist for intumescent systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2712–2723, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Chu

Yan

et al. 2018

Polymer Composites

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“…The peak at 1510 cm −1 corresponding to the NH 3+ structure of DDP decreased gradually and then disappeared at 400 °C, indicating the decomposition of the NH 3+ groups. Moreover, new peaks of P–N–C groups are observed at 1084 cm −1 and 741 cm −1 at 350~400 °C [ 28 , 29 ], and the formation of P–N–C is beneficial to enhance the thermal stability of char [ 30 ]. Besides, the new peak at 991 cm −1 corresponding P–O–C groups appeared at 400 °C, indicating the formation of phosphorus-rich crosslinking structures during combustion [ 9 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Diaminodiphenylmethane Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate to Remarkably Reduce the Fire Hazard of Epoxy Resins

et al. 2021

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A novel diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardant, DDP, was successfully synthesized via ion-exchange reaction. DDP was introduced into epoxy resins (EPs) to reduce flammability. A comparable level of DDP exerts better flame-retardant and smoke suppression efficiencies in EP than APP. An EP blend containing 15 wt% DDP displays a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 37.1% and a UL 94 V-0 rating, and further exhibits a 32.3% reduction in total heat release and a 48.0% reduction in total smoke production compared with pure EP. The presence of DDP greatly facilitates char formation during combustion, and the char mass from thermal decomposition of an EP blend is 37.8% smaller than that of an EP blend containing 15 wt% DDP at 800 °C. The incorporation of DDP into EP blends has a smaller impact on the glass transition temperature and tensile strength than those of a comparable level of APP. This reflects the better compatibility of DDP with the EP matrix compared with that for APP.

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“…The availability of empty orbitals and the presence of negative charges in borax are the sources of cyclization and fast cracking reactions 35 . Borax is also used as flame retardant due to its capability to promote charring through aromatization and altering the nature of compounds responsible for combustion 36 . The GC–MS results of noncatalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of waste rubber are reported in Table 6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borax‐catalyzed valorization of waste rubber and polyethylene using pyrolysis and copyrolysis reactions

Hussain

Khan

Naz

et al. 2021

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Borax catalyst was used to pyrolyze and copyrolyze the waste polyethylene and tire tube rubber into combustible oil and gas. The borax catalyst not only acted as a solid base but also offered empty orbitals to cleavage the bonds of polymeric feedstock and secondary cracking reactions. The pyrolysis reactions were carried out in a custom‐made steel reactor placed in a top load furnace equipped with digital temperature controller. Both polymeric wastes were pyrolyzed separately and by combining in different ratios with and without using borax catalyst. The effect of reaction temperature and time on quality and quantity of liquid and gaseous products was investigated in the range of 200°C to 600°C and 15–75 min, respectively. In noncatalytic pyrolysis, the pure and copyrolyzed polyethylene with rubber yielded maximum oil at 500°C and 600°C, respectively. In borax‐catalyzed pyrolysis, the pure polyethylene and copyrolyzed with rubber yielded maximum oil at 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Notable difference in product fractions of conventionally pyrolyzed and borax‐catalyzed pyrolysis was evident at all process temperatures. The chemical nature of oil was checked using GC–MS, while gaseous product was analyzed using glass vessel traps containing different chemical reagents. The combustibility of gaseous product was also checked using a miniature Bunsen burner.

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Enhancing the flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings by introducing boric acid as synergistic agent

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Effect of chicken eggshell on the flame‐retardant and smoke suppression properties of an epoxy‐based traditional APP‐PER‐MEL system

Fabrication of Diaminodiphenylmethane Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate to Remarkably Reduce the Fire Hazard of Epoxy Resins

Borax‐catalyzed valorization of waste rubber and polyethylene using pyrolysis and copyrolysis reactions

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