“…Antibacterial surfaces can be achieved by physical antibacterial adhesion or chemical antibacterial activity. ,, For physical antibacterial adhesion methods, surface structures can be fabricated to decrease bacterial adhesion as well as the interaction between bacterial membranes and material surfaces . These surface micro-/nanostructures decrease the contact area between materials and bacteria, which results in lower adhesion force. ,, In this way, the topography and roughness of surfaces can be analyzed as an initial antibacterial evaluation. , On the other hand, chemical antibacterial activity is usually achieved by eliminating bacteria with antibacterial elements. , Ag, Cu, and ROS are usually used for improving the antibacterial performance of surfaces because these species destroy bacterial cell membranes and DNA. ,, In terms of physical antibacterial adhesion, the existence of LIPSS significantly decreases the bacterial adhesion rate on the 316L stainless steel, TC4 titanium alloy, and Zr-based bulk metallic glass specimens. As shown in Figure , the laser-induced surface structures decrease the contact area available to bacteria on the material surfaces.…”