No abstract

Probability density functional method was used to determine whether interaction between mechanical force and chemical action in cleaning was an additive effect, a synergistic effect, or an offsetting effect. As a soiled sample, iron (III) oxide soiled fabric, Sudan IV soiled fabric, commercially available artificial soiled fabric containing mixed stains, etc. were used and washed with a tergotometer. Mean value μ rl and standard deviation σ rl of the cleaning force distribution were calculated by using probability density functional method, and the interaction was judged using Δμ rl which is the difference between μ rl obtained under the two conditions. As results, additive effects between the mechanical force and the pH effect were confirmed in the cleaning of iron (III) oxide soiled fabric and commercially available artificially soiled fabric, and an additive effect between the mechanical force and the effect of the surfactant concentration was confirmed in the cleaning of Sudan IV soiled fabric. Therefore, it was presumed that an additive effect is often established between the mechanical action and the chemical action in cleaning, rather than a synergistic effect or an offsetting effect.

Chiba Rosai Hospital has one of the leading treatment records in Japan for cholecystitis (17 th ) , colectomy (37 th ) , and peritonitis/intra-abdominal abscess (73 rd ) in the 2019 National Clinical Database (NCD) . Moreover, more than 90％ of the operations are performed using a laparoscope. Indeed, in the gastrointestinal surgery department, which has many experienced surgeons, it is desirable to improve irrigation techniques during laparoscopic surgery. However, the application of new methods may increase patient risks in the field of clinical medicine, and there are issues such as ethical regulations and infection risks regarding the collection of purulent substances to be removed. Therefore, as a preliminary step in conducting clinical trials, it is desirable to consider model tests to improve dirt removal ability and estimate safety.The most advanced modeling techniques in the cleaning field are probably related to the development of detergents. Model studies have established cleaning theories Abstract: To improve the outcome of laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery, improvement in the technology for removing purulent substances from the abdominal cavity is required. Ultrasonic cleaning technology may be suitable for the task. However, it is necessary to examine cleaning efficiency and safety through model tests that can lead to clinical trials for practical use. Nine surgical specialists first estimated the distribution of the actual attachment of purulent substances using videos of removing pus-like model dirt as an evaluation scale. Subsequently, cleaning tests were conducted using a small-size shower with model dirt that was somewhat difficult to remove, and its suitability as a model sample was confirmed. A mixture of miso and other substances was attached to a silicon sheet to prepare a test sample. The model dirt could be removed within a few seconds by cleaning using a probe-type ultrasonic homogenizer while the test sample was submerged in water. This performance greatly surpassed that of water flow cleaning under increased water pressure. An ultrasonic cleaner that is useful for irrigation during laparoscopic surgery will be suitable for practical use in laparoscopic surgery.

there are reports of testing the detergency performance of developed surfactants and microemulsions with a tergotometer 12−14) and examining the redeposition prevention effect of new polymers using a tergotometer 15) . There is also a proposal 16) for a test method using a tergotometer to estimate the amount of microfibers released from fabrics. Other studies have investigated the removal pesticides adhered to gloves using a launderometer 17) but a tergotometer is commonly used in studies focused on washing machines.A tergotometer has been used to study the interaction between temperature, pH, surfactant concentration, and agitation on laundry detergency as well 18−20) . However, when screening new synthetic substances or conducting detailed detergency tests on the compounding ratio and concentration effects of ingredients, a tergotometer is larger than desired. Therefore, a cleaning system that is smaller and can provide the same mechanical force is required.Therefore, in this study, a tube rotator, universal shaker, high-speed shaker, and magnetic stirrer were used to construct a system that can estimate the cleaning performance Abstract: A small-scale washing test model was proposed to reproduce the mechanical forces occurring inside a household washing machine in Japan. Washing tests were conducted using household washing machines, a tergotometer, and four types of small-scale washing test models using JIS-designated artificially soiled fabric. As a result of conducting washing tests in 10 households during winter and summer, we determined that the mechanical force of the washing machine was equivalent to 90-100 rpm agitation by a tergotometer. Similar detergency was obtained by rotating a 50 mL centrifuge tube with a tube rotator. Then, a centrifuge tube containing 35 mL of detergent solution, ten 1/4-inch stainless steel balls, and three 20 × 20 mm soiled fabrics was rotated at 50 rpm. Probability density functional theory analysis did not identify any kinetic problems, which means that the properties of the applied mechanical forces are similar to those occurring in the tergotometer and tube rotator test.