Enhancing Skin Delivery and Stability of Vanillic and Ferulic Acids in Aqueous Enzymatically Extracted Glutinous Rice Husk by Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

Abstract

The present study aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing the delivery and stability of vanillic and ferulic acid in the aqueous enzymatic extract of glutinous rice husk using a 0.5% w/w cellulase solution (CE0.5). NLCs were developed using a high-pressure homogenization technique and characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The entrapment efficiency, physical and chemical stability, release profile, skin permeation, and skin retention of the NLCs loaded with CE0.5 were evaluated. It was observed that NLCs with high entrapment efficiencies efficiently encapsulate and protect both vanillic and ferulic acid, in contrast to a solution. The controlled and sustained release profile of vanillic acid and ferulic acid from NLCs suggests their potential for prolonged and targeted delivery. The findings also demonstrate the superior skin retention capabilities of NLCs without permeation compared to the solution. Notably, NLC2 exhibited the highest delivery into the skin layer, which can be attributed to its smaller particle size (107.3 ± 1.3 nm), enabling enhanced skin penetration. This research highlights the promising application of NLCs in enhancing the delivery and stability of bioactive compounds in cosmetic formulations and related fields.

A Novel Approach for Dermal Application of Pranoprofen-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Post-Tattoo Inflammatory Reactions

“…The characterization results confirmed that the composition formulation of PRA-NLC and the preparation method were appropriate and robust. The small particle size (220.402 nm) could enhance the adhesiveness with the tissues and provide closer contact between the nanosystem and the skin [55]. The obtained polydispersity index value (PI) of 0.241 is within the optimal range for this type of formulation (0.1 to 0.25), showing a narrow size distribution and suggesting long-term physical stability [56].…”

Chitosan Alginate Nanoparticles of Protein Hydrolysate from Acheta domesticus with Enhanced Stability for Skin Delivery

“…The present study revealed that none of the formulations could permeate through the Strat-M ® membranes, designed to mimic human skin layers and reach the receptor chamber of the Franz diffusion cell apparatus. Therefore, there were no systemic side effects induced after the topical application of these formulations [ 45 ]. However, the skin retention profiles of PH were enhanced by the PH-loaded CANPs formulation, as illustrated in Figure 10 .…”

“…CANPs and PH-loaded CANPs were assessed for accelerated stability through 8 cycles of heating–cooling conditions and long-term storage at various temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 45 °C) over a period of 90 days [ 45 ]. Each cycle of heating–cooling was composed of 4 °C for 24 h and then 45 °C for 24 h. Physical and chemical stability were examined after heating–cooling conditions and during long-term storage at 30, 60, and 90 days.…”

“…The release study of PH from PH-loaded CANPs was conducted according to the method outlined by Jiamphun and Chaiyana (2023) with some modifications [ 45 ]. In brief, 1 mL of PH-loaded CANPs was introduced into a dialysis bag (Spectra/Por 1 Dialysis Tubing, nominal molecular weight cut off 6000–8000 Da, Fisher Chemicals, Loughborough, UK).…”