Enhancing Dielectric Strength of Epoxy Polymers by Constructing Interface Charge Traps

Yang, Kang; Chen, Weijiang; Zhao, Yushun; Yu, Huashun; Chen, Xin; Du, Bin; Yang, Wei; Song, Zhijian; Fu, Yufei

doi:10.1021/acsami.1c01933

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…carried out the molecular‐level interfacial modification for EP by partially replacing the CH 3 groups with CF 3 groups. [ 151 ] The space charge characteristics demonstrated that the amount of injected electrons from the electrode decreased and the mobility of high‐energy electrons was limited in the modified EPs.…”

Section: Experimental Study Of Space Charge Distribution In Ep‐based ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Liu

Xie

et al. 2022

Adv Elect Materials

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temperature and complex electric field conditions. [1][2][3] Epoxy resin (EP) is a class of polymer oligomers containing two or more epoxide groups based on organic compounds (e.g., aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic). As a prepolymer, EP shows excellent performance after its reaction with a curing agent to form an insoluble polymer with a 3D network structure. EP has desirable insulating characteristics, [4][5][6][7] heat resistance, [8] high mechanical strength, [9] low shrinkage, [10] chemical stability, and adhesive properties, which originate from its compact structure and tunable functional groups. The above mentioned outstanding performances, along with characteristics of easy processing and formula design flexibility, enable the extensive use of EP-based materials in power equipment and electronic devices [11] (Figure 1), including bar insulation and impregnating varnish in transformers, main insulation in dry-type bushings and wall bushings, insulator in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas-insulated transmission line (GIL), epoxy molding compound for integrated circuit (IC) packaging. It is noteworthy that EPs typically possess lower glass transition temperature (T g ) compared to other high-T g dielectric polymer substitutes used in microelectronic systems such as benzocyclobutene, [12] polyimide (PI), [13] and maleimide. [14] Besides high T g , high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion of EPs are always desired for their industrial applications, especially from an electronic packaging perspective. To date, considerable efforts have been made to improve the heat endurance and heat dissipation capabilities of EP-based dielectric materials by inorganic particle doping [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and chemical modification. [25][26][27] Furthermore, EP is also an indispensable adhesive that is extensively used in power equipment. [28][29][30][31][32] Yet, potential reliability hazards may exist during the operation of power equipment and electronic devices, especially at high temperatures and under high voltage direct current (HVDC) application, one of which is the space charge accumulation in EP-based dielectric materials. [29,30,33,34] The accumulated space charge may cause deterioration/aging and even partial discharge or dielectric breakdown of dielectric materials. [35][36][37][38][39][40] Specifically, the extensive application of EP-based dielectric materials in HVDC transmission projects eagerly calls for relevant studies on the space charge behavior Epoxy-based dielectrics are extensively used in grid-connected energy systems and modern microelectronics as electrical insulation, adhesive, and packaging components. However, space charge accumulation in epoxy-based dielectrics is a foremost factor threatening device stability and lifespan, especially under conditions of high voltage direct current and high temperatures during long-term operation, and thus are investigated systematically. This article reviews the state-of-the-art progress in understanding and r...

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Section: Experimental Study Of Space Charge Distribution In Ep‐based ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Liu

Xie

et al. 2022

Adv Elect Materials

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“…Under the action of electric field, Carriers are easily trapped by traps after multiple refractions. [32][33][34] Once the charges break away from traps and participate in discharge, it will aggravate flashover and reduce the insulation performance of polymers. Therefore, studying the characteristics of charge dissipation and trapping is of great significance for insulating paper.…”

Section: Carrier Trap Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TiO₂ modified with dopamine and Silane coupling agent on the electrical properties of PMIA insulation paper

Lü

Zhu

Song

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide (PMIA) with excellent chemical stability and breakdown strenth is regarded as the next generation of insulating paper in power system. However, the basic intensity of PMIA is not enough to match its operating cost, and it is promising to enhance the performance by nano composition. In this paper, the influence of nano-TiO 2 ith a mass fraction of 1 to 5 wt% on insulating properties is studied, including breakdown voltage and bulk conductivity. The silane coupling agent aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) together with the polydopamine (PDA) are used for modifying the fillers interface. The results show that, APTES covalent grafting and PDA physically coating can improve the dispersion and compatibility of nano-TiO 2 in aramid fiber matrix, thus regulating the interface trap characteristics and reducing the probability of electric field distortion in insulating paper. When the modified TiO 2 content is 2 wt%, the breakdown voltage is the highest, which is 23.9 kV/mm, 54% higher than that of pure aramid paper. In addition, this article discusses the modification mechanism from molecular dynamic simulation and trap characteristics. Based on molecular dynamics calculation, three interface models of PMIA-TiO 2 , PMIA-TiO 2 /APTES, PMIA-TiO 2 / APTES/PDA are constructed, and the synergistic effect of PDA is confirmed from the microscopic level.

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“…The conductivity of polymer dielectrics depends on the charge transfer rates in the polymer. Studies have shown that the transfer process of space charges in polymer dielectrics is strongly influenced by the distribution of charge traps in polymer molecular chains [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. When the space charges are transferred to the polymer, they are trapped by deep and shallow traps in the molecular chain [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Chlorine Into Epoxy Resin to Modulate Charge Trap Depth in the Material

Zhao

Shen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul.

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The epoxy insulators in DC gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) tend to accumulate surface charges, which causes insulation flashover. Increasing the surface conductivity of epoxy resin, which can restrain the accumulation of surface charges on the epoxy insulator, is a potential method to improve the insulation performance of DC GIL insulators. The conductivity of polymer dielectric is strongly influenced by the charge trap characteristics of the polymer. In this work, we introduce chlorine with strong electronegativity and a larger atomic radius into the epoxy group segment of epoxy resin to improve the distributed energy level structure, which in turn reduces the electron trap depth, so as to increase the surface conductivity of epoxy insulating material without affecting its intrinsic dielectric strength. Based on the results of quantum chemistry calculation, the modulation laws of introduced chlorine (including the chlorine in form of hydrolyzable chlorine atom and non-hydrolyzable chlorine atom) on distributed energy levels of epoxy resin molecule are anticipated. These laws are explained from the microscopic perspectives of electron energy structure and electron cloud offset. Both the inductive effect of the chlorine atom and the conjugation effect of 2p electron orbital of oxygen atom in epoxy group impact the distributed energy levels through changing the spatial distribution of electron cloud density between and on valence bonds.

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Enhancing Dielectric Strength of Epoxy Polymers by Constructing Interface Charge Traps

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Effect of TiO₂ modified with dopamine and Silane coupling agent on the electrical properties of PMIA insulation paper

Introducing Chlorine Into Epoxy Resin to Modulate Charge Trap Depth in the Material

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Enhancing Dielectric Strength of Epoxy Polymers by Constructing Interface Charge Traps

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Space Charge Behavior in Epoxy‐Based Dielectrics: Progress and Perspective

Effect of TiO2 modified with dopamine and Silane coupling agent on the electrical properties of PMIA insulation paper

Introducing Chlorine Into Epoxy Resin to Modulate Charge Trap Depth in the Material

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Product

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About

Effect of TiO₂ modified with dopamine and Silane coupling agent on the electrical properties of PMIA insulation paper