Enhancing bulk defect-mediated absorption in silicon waveguides by doping compensation technique

Abstract

Silicon waveguide photodiodes (SiWG PD) based on the bulk defect-mediated absorption (BDA) of sub-bandgap photons are suitable to realize in-line optical power monitors for silicon photonic integrated circuits. Deep-level states to enable the BDA can be induced by exploiting the ion implantation steps that are used to embed PN junctions for carrier-depletion-based modulators. This manner usually exhibits limited responsivities since relevant processing conditions are optimized for the modulation rather than the BDA. In this letter, we solve this issue with the doping compensation technique. This technique overlaps P-type and N-type implantation windows at the waveguide core. The responsivity is enhanced due to the increased density of lattice defects and the reduced density of free carriers in the compensated silicon. Influences of the dimension of the dopant compensation region on responsivity and operation speed are investigated. As the width of this region increases from 0 μm to 0.4 μm, the responsivity at −5 V is improved from 2 mA/W to 17.5 mA/W. This level is comparable to BDA based SiWG PDs relying on dedicated ion bombardments. On the other hand, a bit-error-rate test at 10 Gb/s suggests that the device with 0.2-μm-wide compensation region exhibits the highest sensitivity.

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“…In previous reports on silicon waveguide photodetectors, the waveguide was left undoped [24,25] or was implanted with Si+ ions [13,18], which either reduced the measurable photocurrent or increased the loss of the waveguide, respectively. Furthermore, a vast majority of previous reports relied on pn-junctions [13,18,26] for measuring photocurrents which limited their use as phase tuners due to sub-nm tuning ranges. In our design, we only use n-type doping.…”

“…which either reduced the measurable photocurrent or increased the loss of the waveguide, respectively. Furthermore, a vast majority of previous reports relied on pn-junctions [13,18,26] for measuring photocurrents which limited their use as phase tuners due to sub-nm tuning ranges.…”