Enhancement of protective immune responses to Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus with microencapsulated vaccine

Biodegradable nanoparticle delivery of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine provides heterologous cell-mediated immune response in pigs

“…PLGA polymer is extensively used in drug and vaccine delivery studies due to its nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible properties [18]. PLGA based candidate viral vaccines delivered intranasally in rodent models in the absence of any adjuvant have shown great promise against hepatitis B, equine encephalitis, influenza and parainfluenza by inducing strong cellular and humoral immune responses [42][43][44][45][46][47]. In dairy calves immunized intranasally with PLGA encapsulated bovine parainfluenza virus, enhanced virus specific antibody response was observed [48].…”

What's going on in vaccine technology?

“…[61][62][63][64] Moreover, antigens encapsulated in polymer matrices or embedded in microspheres are protected from enzymatic degradation occurring in the gastrointestinal tract or from neutralization by mucosal antibodies; hence, lower doses are required to evoke a protective response. 65,66 Another feature of microencapsulated vaccines is their increased shelf life, due to the stabilizing effect of the matrix on encapsulated antigens.…”

Vaccines and animal models for arboviral encephalitides

“…This suggests that the formalin fixation of the whole virus was important in preserving antigenic epitopes during the microencapsulation process (Greenway et al, 1995).…”

“…This immune response persisted in the mice given the vaccine prepared with methylene chloride, but waned in those vaccines prepared with ethyl chloride. Furthermore, the methylene chloride vaccine preparations were superior in inducing a virus-neutralizing antibody titer (Greenway et al, 1995).…”

“…Microspheres have been shown to be an effective vehicle and adjuvant for potentiating immune responses when administered by either the parenteral or mucosal route (Greenway et al, 1995). The use of microcapsules containing VEEV to augment protective immunity has also been investigated as a potential alternative vaccine for VEEV.…”