Enhancement in photovoltaic performance of CZTS Thin-film solar cells through varying stacking order and sulfurization time

Study of optical and structural properties of CZTS thin films using copper capping layer and sulfurization to correct stoichiometry

“…Band gap of the as-deposited thin films grown at 300 °C substrate temperature agrees well with the values reported by other researchers [48]. Figure 7 exhibits the variation of band gap for all samples, which shows that the value of the direct optical band gap gradually decreases with the increase in copper content, and sulfurization, which is concurrent to the reported values [20]. This trend however breaks for sample S-5 where the band gap increases.…”

“…Sputter deposition also has advantages like high deposition rate, repeatability, and scalability. There are two ways that researchers have reported for sputter deposition of CZTS thin films; either from a composite target [18,19], or multilayer thin films using multiple targets [20]. The sputter deposited layer stack of CTS and ZnS was used by Zaki et al [21] to produce CZTS thin films.…”

“…Researchers have also considered multiple approaches to improve the quality of the CZTS absorber layer. To name a few, optimizing the stacking order of precursor layers [25], sulfurization parameters like temperature, time [20], the gas flow rate during [26] the deposition process. The doping of the absorber layer to improve the efficiency as also explored [15].…”

Current Status and Future Prospects of Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) Thin Film Solar Cells Prepared via Electrochemical Deposition

“…[18] However, it requires multiple baths for each metal and is prone to in-depth inhomogeneity, necessitating procedures to address the interdiffusion or mixing of metal elements. [21] Another approach used for fabricating metallic precursors is co-electrodeposition. All constituents can be deposited in a one-step process, which is conducted at constant deposition potential in a single bath containing Cu, Zn, Sn metal salts, and complexing agents.…”

“…Therefore, the SEL approach has been employed in the fabrication process of large‐area CZTSSe films [18] . However, it requires multiple baths for each metal and is prone to in‐depth inhomogeneity, necessitating procedures to address the interdiffusion or mixing of metal elements [21] . Another approach used for fabricating metallic precursors is co‐electrodeposition.…”