“…Finally, the carbon species possess multiple functions, containing reducing the bandgap, promoting the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and inducing the visible-light activity of TiO 2 through photosensitization. 15 Therefore, the carbon doping and carbon modication of nano-TiO 2 have been widely investigated in recent years with different synthesis strategies and diversied perspectives. 13,[16][17][18][19][20] Nevertheless, due to the diversity of the carbon species, [21][22][23] an in-depth understanding of the structure of carbon species and the synergistic promotion of the photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO 2 by multi-type carbon species is still decient.…”