Enhanced stress response by a bilateral feet compared to a unilateral hand Cold Pressor Test

Larra, Mauro F.; Schilling, Thomas M.; Röhrig, Philipp; Schächinger, Hartmut

doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1053452

Cited by 35 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Sendowski et al 1997). In this regard, the findings by Larra et al (2015) showing that a bilateral foot cold-pressor test exaggerated the elevations in HR and the salivary alpha-amylase that were induced by a unilateral hand cold test are also of interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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No association between hand and foot temperature responses during local cold stress and rewarming

et al. 2017

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PurposeThe purpose was to examine whether associations exist between temperature responses in the fingers vs. toes and hand vs. foot during local cold-water immersion and rewarming phases.MethodsSeventy healthy subjects (58 males, 12 females) immersed their right hand or right foot, respectively, in 8 °C water for 30 min (CWI phase), followed by a 15-min spontaneous rewarming (RW) in 25 °C air temperature.ResultsTemperature was lower in the toes than the fingers during the baseline phase (27.8 ± 3.0 vs. 33.9 ± 2.5 °C, p < 0.001), parts of the CWI phase (min 20–30: 8.8 ± 0.7 vs. 9.7 ± 1.4 °C, p < 0.001), and during the RW phase (peak temperature: 22.5 ± 5.1 vs. 32.7 ± 3.6 °C, p < 0.001). Cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) was more common in the fingers than in the toes (p < 0.001). Within the first 10 min of CWI, 61% of the subjects exhibited a CIVD response in the fingers, while only 6% of the subjects had a CIVD response in the toes. There was a large variability of temperature responses both within and between extremities, and there was a weak correlation between finger- and toe temperature both during the CWI (r = 0.21, p = 0.08) and the RW phases (r = 0.26, p = 0.03).ConclusionsResults suggest that there is generally a lower temperature in the toes than the fingers after a short time of local cold exposure and that the thermal responses of the fingers/hands are not readily transferable to the toes/foot.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Cortisol spillover has been reported ~15 min after a bilateral foot, but not after a unilateral hand, cold-pressor test (Larra et al 2015). In view of this, it might be argued that the present 15-min interval between the tests was too short to allow full recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No association between hand and foot temperature responses during local cold stress and rewarming

et al. 2017

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“…hand or foot) may influence the stress response to the CPT, hence the hyperventilation response (Larra et al . ). This information further informs the importance of standardizing the temperature of the CPT in future studies (Mitchell et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cerebrovascular response to the cold pressor test – the critical role of carbon dioxide

Tymko

Kerstens

Wildfong

et al. 2017

Experimental Physiology

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What is the central question of this study? What is the role of carbon dioxide in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to the cold pressor test (CPT)? What is the main finding and its importance? The CBF response was elevated during the isocapnic (controlled CO ) CPT in the middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery compared with the poikilocapnic (uncontrolled CO ) CPT, owing to ventilation-associated reductions in end-tidal CO . Furthermore, the common carotid artery vasodilated to a greater extent during the isocapnic compared with the poikilocapnic CPT, whereas the internal carotid artery vasoconstricted during both CPTs. Our data highlight the importance of CO control when investigating the CBF response to the CPT. In addition to increasing sympathetic nervous activity, blood pressure and cerebral blood flow (CBF), the cold pressor test (CPT) stimulates pain receptors, which may increase ventilation above metabolic demand; this response is likely to reduce the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (P ET ,CO2) and will attenuate elevations in CBF. Our hypotheses were as follows: (i) the CPT will elicit hyperventilation, effectively lowering P ET ,CO2; (ii) the CBF response will be elevated during an isocapnic (controlled P ET ,CO2) compared with a poikilocapnic CPT (uncontrolled P ET ,CO2); and (iii) in response to the CPT, the common carotid artery (CCA) will vasodilate, while the internal carotid artery (ICA) will remain unchanged to help regulate CBF. Using a new, randomized experimental design, we measured the cerebrovascular response in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), CCA and internal carotid artery (ICA), during an isocapnic and poikilocapnic CPT in 15 participants. Blood pressure and cardiac output (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (ECG), MCA mean velocity (transcranial Doppler ultrasound) and CCA and ICA CBF (Duplex ultrasound) were recorded during both CPT trials. Our findings were as follows: (i) ventilation increased, which reduced P ET ,CO2 (-5.3 ± 6.4 mmHg) during the poikilocapnic compared with the isocapnic CPT; (ii) the CBF response was elevated during the isocapnic compared with the poikilocapnic CPT in the MCA and ICA, but not in the CCA; and (iii) the CCA dilated to a greater extent during the isocapnic compared with the poikilocapnic CPT, and the ICA vasoconstricted during both trials. Our data emphasize the importance of P ET ,CO2 control in the CBF response to the CPT and in the differential vasomotor regulation between the CCA and ICA.

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“…Given that rises in blood pressure are a typical characteristic of the stress response e.g [75][76][77] after the detection of a threatful situation the assumption of an overall inhibitory effect of BR activation seems paradoxical. From www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ a survival perspective, one would rather expect a facilitative influence enabling quick reactions to escape a dangerous situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling sensorimotor and cognitive cardioafferent effects: A cardiac-cycle-time study on spatial stimulus-response compatibility

Larra

Finke

Wascher

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Cardiac-cycle-time effects are attributed to variations in baroreceptor (BR) activity and have beenshown to impinge on subcortical as well as cortical processes. However, cognitive and sensorimotor processes mediating voluntary responses seem to be differentially affected. We sought to disentangle cardiac-cycle-time effects on subcortical and cortical levels as well as sensorimotor and cognitive processes within a spatial stimulus-response-compatibility paradigm employing startling stimuli of different modalities. Air-puffs and white noise-bursts were presented unilaterally during either cardiac systole or diastole while bilateral startle eMG responses were recorded. Modality, laterality and cardiaccycle-time were randomly varied within-subjects. cognitive and sensorimotor stimulus-responsecompatibility was orthogonally varied between-subjects: Participants (N = 80) responded to the stimuli via left/right button-push made with either the contra-or ipsilateral hand (sensorimotor compatibility) on either the ipsi-or contralateral button (cognitive compatibility). We found that sensorimotor compatible reactions were speeded during systole whereas sensorimotor incompatible ones were prolonged. This effect was independent of cognitive compatibility and restricted to auditory stimuli. Startle was inhibited during systole irrespective of modality or compatibility. our results demonstrate how differential cardiac-cycle-time effects influence performance in conflict tasks and further suggest that stimulus-response-compatibility paradigms offer a viable method to uncover the complex interactions underlying behavioral BR effects.The ability to flexibly adapt our behavior according to changes in bodily states is crucial to survival, promoting adequate actions e.g. in times of illness and stress. This ability is mediated by signaling pathways that convey information about peripheral events to the central nervous system, thereby influencing brain activity and potentially psychological state 1 . Beside humoral transmission of messengers essential to the immune and endocrine systems, neural projections originating from organ receptors located in the periphery contribute to altered brain activity. The cardiovascular system is a major source of variations in such viscero-afferent traffic and arterial baroreceptors (BR), mechanoreceptors expressed mainly within the carotid sinus and the aortic arch, are responsible for relaying cardiovascular events to the brain 2 . These stretch-sensitive receptors increase their firing rate in response to tension on the vessel walls and are essential for the homeostatic control of blood pressure and heart rate 3,4 . Afferent fibers project to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and determine the output of autonomic brain stem centers, thereby regulating cardiac activity and vascular contraction via sympathetic as well as parasympathetic efferents 5,6 . However, baroafferent signals do not remain at the brainstem level but are relayed by the NTS to the reticular formation and higher-order structu...

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Enhanced stress response by a bilateral feet compared to a unilateral hand Cold Pressor Test

Cited by 35 publications

References 32 publications

No association between hand and foot temperature responses during local cold stress and rewarming

No association between hand and foot temperature responses during local cold stress and rewarming

Cerebrovascular response to the cold pressor test – the critical role of carbon dioxide

Disentangling sensorimotor and cognitive cardioafferent effects: A cardiac-cycle-time study on spatial stimulus-response compatibility

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