“…SPD has a great influence on the precipitation behavior of age-hardenable aluminum alloys during the aging process [ 28 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Most of the existing studies mainly focus on precipitation behavior in UFG alloys produced by SPD with a lower strain rate (<10 S −1 ), including characterization of element segregation [ 24 , 27 , 40 ], precipitation at the grain boundary [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 41 ], assessment of the precipitate size [ 4 , 41 ], and analysis of the precipitation kinetics [ 34 , 38 , 42 ] or the precipitation sequence [ 28 , 42 , 43 ].…”