Enhanced refractive index well-confined planar and channel waveguides in KTiOPO4 produced by MeV C3+ ion implantation with low dose

Optical Waveguides Fabricated by Ion Implantation/Irradiation: A Review Optical Waveguides Fabricated by Ion Implantation/Irradiation: A Review

“…High-quality commercial lasers in visible spectral regimes have been realized in this material via frequency doubling of infrared lasers (Bierlein & Arweiler, 1986). Fabrication of waveguides on KTP have been reported using proton exchange (Roelofs et al, 1993), pulsed laser deposition (PLD) (Wang et al, 1998), and ion implantation (Bindner et al, 2001;Schrempel et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2008d;Wang et al, 2008;. Ion implantation stands among these techniques because it allows an accurate control of the waveguides refractive index profiles by selecting the species, energies and fluences of the incident ions.…”

“…Some sections of the samples remained unmasked, in order to also obtain planar waveguides (Figure 15b). The very same method was used by Tan et al and Wang et al (Wang et al, 2008) to fabricate channel and planar waveguides using protons and C 3+ , respectively. These waveguides were characterized optically (Dong et al, 2011b), finding that the structural and nonlinear properties of the KTP lattice have been only modified at the end of ions' trajectory, which makes these structures good candidates for integrated laser frequency conversion components.…”

Theoretical modeling and experiment of refractive index change in He+ ion-implanted KTP waveguide

“…Since the 1980s, waveguides in KTP have been fabricated by ion implantation with many different ion species, including light ions such as H [8], He [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and the heavy or medium ions such as Ni [16], P [17], Li [14,18], Si [19], C [20], etc. Although waveguide phenomena have been observed and measured in these experiments, little work had been done for investigating the mechanism of waveguide formation.…”

Annealing Characters of KTP Crystal Formed with He+-Ions at High Dose and Low Energy

“…At present, waveguides in KTP have been fabricated by both the light ions such as H [8], He [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and the heavy or medium ions such as Ni [17], P [18], Li [15,19], Si [20], or C [21], etc.…”