“…The emission lifetimes were determined using a time-resolved fluorescence spectrometer (Quantaurus-Tau C11367-21, Hamamatsu photonics K. K., Japan). CPL measurements were conducted using a previously reported system 40 , 60 , which consisted of the following components: 375 nm LED (M365L2, Thorlabs Japan Inc., Japan), LED driver (DC2100, Thorlabs Japan Inc., Japan), photoelastic modulator (PEM-90, Hinds instruments, Inc. United States), photomultiplier tube (H7732-10, Hamamatsu photonics K. K., Japan), linearly polarized cubic prism (200,000:1), photomultiplier tube (H7732-10, Hamamatsu photonics K. K., Japan), and dual phase DSP lock-in amplifier (7265, Signal Recovery Ltd., United Kingdom). The appropriate detection wavelength of the monochromator and PEM was controlled by a PC.…”