Enhanced osseointegration of dental implants with reduced graphene oxide coating

Abstract

Background The implants of pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys can lead to implant failure because of their poor interaction with bone-associated cells during bone regeneration. Surface modification over implants has achieved successful implants for enhanced osseointegration. Herein, we report a robust strategy to implement bioactive surface modification for implant interface enabled by the combinatorial system of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) Ti to impart benefits to the implant. Methods We prepared SLA Ti (ST) implants with different surface modifications [i.e., rGO and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)] and investigated their dental tissue regenerating ability in animal models. We performed comparative studies in surface property, in vitro cellular behaviors, and in vivo osseointegration activity among different groups, including ST (control), rhBMP-2-immobilized ST (BI-ST), rhBMP-2-treated ST (BT-ST), and rGO-coated ST (R-ST). Results Spectroscopic, diffractometric, and microscopic analyses confirmed that rGO was coated well around the surfaces of Ti discs (for cell study) and implant fixtures (for animal study). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the R-ST group showed significantly better effects in cell attachment and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, expression of osteogenesis-related genes and protein, and osseointegration than the control (ST), BI-ST, and BT-ST groups. Conclusion Hence, we suggest that the rGO-coated Ti can be a promising candidate for the application to dental or even orthopedic implants due to its ability to accelerate the healing rate with the high potential of osseointegration.

3D bioprinting of human mesenchymal stem cells-laden hydrogels incorporating MXene for spontaneous osteodifferentiation

“…On the other hand, BMPs are another popular choice, but they are expensive, have a limited shelf life, and require repeated injections [ 89 ]. In particular, the over-expression of BMPs is reported to lead to ectopic bone formation, abnormal bone growth, and other complications [ 89 , 90 ]. In contrast, MXene is a promising option as one of the most efficient ingredients consisting of bioinks for 3D bioprinting-based BTE because it has strong binding affinity to serum proteins and calcium ions, is effective in a very small amount, and possessed high biocompatibility.…”

In Vitro Studies of Graphene for Management of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Concise Review

“…In addition, a reduced graphene oxide-coated titanium implant was implanted in an artificial bone block and reported to be stable [ 139 ]. On the other hand, sandblasted/acid-etched titanium implants coated with reduced graphene oxide and bone morphogenetic protein-2 were reported to exhibit enhanced cell proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, promoted matrix mineralization, improved expression of osteogenesis-related genes and protein, and improved osseointegration; thus, this is suggested as a promising implant material [ 147 ].…”

MXene and Xene: promising frontier beyond graphene in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

“…In recent decades, G and its derivatives (GO and rGO) have been extensively employed in bone and cartilage tissue engineering (Table 1). rGO, in particular, has residual functional groups that render it more biocompatible than pristine G. 73,74 Furthermore, its characteristic structural defects and O-containing functional groups provide sites for potential bioconjugation and interaction with biological molecules, rendering rGO a superior choice for interfacing with biological systems. 75 Kang et al studied the fabrication of rGO-coated Ti (rGO-Ti) substrates for use in orthopedic and dental tissue regeneration (Fig.…”